1. Carbon Compounds

3. Functional Groups -CH 3 -OH -NH 2 -PO 3

4. Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

5. Building Larger Molecules Condensation (Dehydration Synthesis) OH-C-C-C-OH Monomers OH-C-C-C-O-C-C-C-OH + H2O Polymer

6. Breaking Down Large Molecules Hydrolysis OH-C-C-C-OH Monomers OH-C-C-C-O-C-C-C-OH + H2O Polymer (ENZYMES)

7. Monomers & Polymers

8. Carbohydrates Short-term energy-storage Some structural Bigger molecules = more energy! –(energy is stored in bonds)

9. Carbohydrates Sugars – saccharides. Monosaccharides (monomers) –Simple sugars –Glucose, Fructose Disaccharides (simple polymers) –Two monomers combined –Sucrose, Lactose Polysaccharides (complex polymers) –Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose

10. Lipids Long-term energy-storage (reserves). –Bigger molecules = more energy! Membrane structure Hormones

11. Lipids With Fatty Acids Glycerides Phospholipids Waxes Without Fatty Acids Steroids

12. Lipids with Fatty Acids 1.Glycerides = Fats & Oils Glycerol + 1, 2, or 3 fatty acid chains. –Monoglycerides –Diglycerides –Triglycerides

13. Lipids with Fatty Acids 1.Glycerides –Saturated vs Unsaturated

14. Lipids with Fatty Acids 2.Phospholipids –Membranes – “phospholipid bilayer”

15. Lipids with Fatty Acids 3.Waxes –VERY hydrophobic molecules –Water repellent Protection from water gain and loss Bees Wax Ear Wax (Squalene) Plant wax (Ursolic acid)

16. Lipids without Fatty Acids 1.Steroids – 4 carbon rings Hormones, Vitamin D

17. Proteins Structural Membrane Function Enzymes Hormones Antibodies/Antigens Energy (as a last resort) Proteins get things done!

18. Amino Acids (Acid group)

20. Peptide Bond Condensation Reaction (dehydration synthesis) Acid groupAmino group

21. “Polypeptide” formation Primary (1 o ) Structure

22. Polypeptide Chain

23. Polypeptide Folding & Spiraling Secondary (2 o ) Structure

24. Polypeptide 3-D Shape Tertiary (3 o ) Structure –Covalent Bonds –Ionic Bonds –Disulfide Bonds –Hydrogen Bonds –Van der Waals Interactions

25. Polypeptide 3-D Shape Conformation

26. Multiple Polypeptides Quaternary (4 o ) Structure

27. Nucleic Acids Nucleotides = monomers –5-carbon sugar –N-base –Phosphate

28. Nucleic Acids DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA – Ribonucleic Acid

29. Nucleic Acids ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate