1. ©2008 R. Gupta, UCSD COSMOS Summer 2008 Peripheral Interfaces Rajesh K. Gupta Computer Science and Engineering University of California, San Diego.

2. Roadmap Topic: –Computer interfaces: electricals, signaling, protocols This lecture –Concepts covered: Input/Output, Addressing, Synchronous, Asynchronous, Access Arbitration, Protocols, Packets, Messaging Next lecture –The USB Interface Reference –None ©2008 R. Gupta, UCSD Keywords: Bidirectional Address space Address decoding Multi-master Wired AND I2C, Master/Slave

3. A Processor’s Interfaces Two basic types –Communicate ‘via’ memory –Communicate directly How do we measure goodness of an interface? –Maximum data-rate of transfer? Bits or bytes per second? ©2008 R. Gupta, UCSD

4. Peripheral Interfaces Two ‘low cost’ interfaces –SPI: Serial Peripheral Interface (4-wire) –I2C: Inter-Integrated Circuit (2-wire) A microcontroller can control a network of devices with just two general-purpose IO pins and software. Let us examine I2C –Used for: reading from DAC, ADC, changing monitor settings, sound volume control to intelligent speakers, controlling LCD displays, reading diagnostic sensors, reading real-time clocks, turning on/off power supply for components… Many USB-to-I2C adapters to enable their use in PCs. ©2008 R. Gupta, UCSD

5. I2C Connects multiple devices on a multi-drop bus –“Multi-master” –Bidirectional, low-speed, synchronous to a common clock Devices can be attached or detached without affecting other devices –7-bit address space, 16 reserved, 112 nodes maximum –Distances up to a few meters (400 picoFarad max) Standard: 100 kbps (can go down to DC) –Low speed: 10 kbps, Fast: 400 kbps, FM+ 1 Mbps, HS 3.4 Mbps ©2008 R. Gupta, UCSD

6. I2C Wires Two Wires, bidirectional wires –SDA: Serial Data –SCL: Serial Clock ‘Open drain’: normally high when not in use –MASTER node issues the SCL and addresses SLAVES –SLAVE node receives the SCL and the address –“Wired AND” logical function. Four modes for a given device: –Master TX, Master RX, Slave TX, Slave RX ©2008 R. Gupta, UCSD

7. So, how do we write or read? Normally, both SDA and SCL are ‘high’ –“sense” before you drive a line A device that wants to write pulls SDA low –Followed by SCL going low So, everyone else knows that a transmission is starting ©2008 R. Gupta, UCSD

8. START, Data, Data,…,Data, STOP!

9. Putting it together Start Condition: With SCL low, SDA goes H  L Bits are ‘sampled’ on the rising edge of SCL Stop Condition: With SCL high, SDA goes L  H ©2008 R. Gupta, UCSD

10. “START”, “BIT” & “STOP” Start Condition: With SCL low, SDA goes H  L Bits are ‘sampled’ on the rising edge of SCL Stop Condition: With SCL high, SDA goes L  H ©2008 R. Gupta, UCSD

11. QUIZ Question 1: What is on SDA when it makes a transition with SCL low? Question 2: What is on SDA when it makes a transition with SCL high? Question 3: What happens if Slave is not ready to receive next BIT?

12. “The Protocol” Any number of bytes in an I2C packet –MSB first, each bytes transmitted must be acknowledged by the receiver –After each 8 th bit, MASTER releases SDA and then generates an additional clock pulse on SCL Receiver can then acknowledge by pulling SDA low Receiver can always abort the transmission by holding SCL low –Can not go up by the MASTER, thus no bit sampling edge ©2008 R. Gupta, UCSD

13. Bi-directional Data Transfers

14. “The Protocol” Master sends START –followed by 7-bit address of the Slave followed by single bit representing write to (0) or read from (1) the slave. Slave responds with ACK bit for that address –Master then continues in either TX or RX mode Communication transfer follows. All other MASTERS monitor START and STOP bits. ©2008 R. Gupta, UCSD

15. Note the direction of signaling

16. Multi-Master = Conflicts? More than one Master may attempt to START at the same time Signaling provides ability to prioritize and exclude ©2008 R. Gupta, UCSD

17. Conflicts and Tricks When a node is transmitting ‘1’ and another transmits a ‘0’ –First node can sense something is wrong…since data node is not default high Slave can do this on SCL to ‘stretch the clock’ –Or slow down the master Master can do this on the SDA to ‘get control’ (arbitration) ©2008 R. Gupta, UCSD

18. More on Conflicts What happens if two masters are sending a message to two different slaves? Master sending to the lower slave address always ‘wins’ arbitration ©2008 R. Gupta, UCSD

19. Types of Messages on I2C Single message where a Master writes to a Slave Single message where a Master reads from a Slave Combined messages where a Master issues at least two reads and/or writes to one or more slaves –Each RD or WR begins with START and the slave address –A Repeat START is not preceded by STOP Slaves figure out that data following repeat START is part of the same message. ©2008 R. Gupta, UCSD

20. What do messages mean? “Message Semantics” Most commonly request/response control model –Bytes following a Write command are either a command or address ©2008 R. Gupta, UCSD

21. Role of Software in I2C SDA and SCL lines can be controlled by simple subroutines. Example: –I2Start: check if SCL is high; wait a few micro seconds; Transition SDA H to L; wait a few micro seconds; ©2008 R. Gupta, UCSD

22. EXAMPLE: Memory connection ©2008 R. Gupta, UCSD

23. What are the limitations of I2C? Small address space Speed? –I2C implemented in Software may not even support 100 kbps? –*All* devices must at least partially support the highest speed used or they may detect spurious addresses Clock stretching affects everyone. ©2008 R. Gupta, UCSD

24. Exercise Is I2C communication synchronous or asynchronous? –But START and STOP delimit data packets? Is I2C duplex? Fully duplex? Draw SDA and SCL waveforms in case of transmission of START followed by $A2 = (1010 0010) ©2008 R. Gupta, UCSD

26. Recap Computers interfaces with devices via memory or via direct ports I2C defines a 2-pin interface that –Performs Master-Slave communications The interface defines electrical behavior (signaling) –And the data transfer protocols (messaging) –What about the mechanicals? Next: USB interface.