1. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Slides prepared by Jay Withgott and Heidi Marcum Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Slides prepared by Jay Withgott and Heidi Marcum Modified & re-enforced by M.-H. Kim Ch 2 Part 1: Foundations of Environmental Science Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Environmental Ethics and Economics: Values and Choices 4th Mtg start (8/28/08)

2. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings This lecture will help you understand: Culture and worldviews Environmental ethics Classical and neoclassical economics Economic growth, economic health, and sustainability Environmental and ecological economics Kakadu National Park, Australia - UNESCO World Heritage Site -

3. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Uranium deposits in Australia often occur on sacred Aboriginal land (>40,000yrs) : ~ 7% of the economy of the nation -The Mirrar opposed the mine for cultural, religious, ethical, health, and economic reasons Overruled by the government (1974) aggrevating environmentalists The Cooperate, Rio Tinto, finally yielded. The mine will not be developed unless the Mirrar agree (2004) Central Case: The Mirrar Clan Confronts the Jabiluka Uranium Mine in Kakadu National Park 3000 environmentalists traveled to protest, hundreds jailed (1988) Goldman Award to Leaders (1999)

4. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Culture and Worldview Our relationship with the environment depends on assessments of costs and benefits Culture and worldview also affects this relationship -Culture : knowledge, beliefs, values, and learned ways of life shared by a group of people -Worldview : a person’s or group’s beliefs about the meaning, purpose, operation, and essence of the world Culture and worldview affect our perception of the environment and environmental problems

5. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ethics and Economics Both disciplines deal with what we value Our values affect our environmental decisions and actions

6. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Different worldviews result in different perceptions Aborigines saw the negative environmental impacts of the Jabiluka mine (i.e., many radioactive spills problems from Ranger Mine) Others saw jobs, income, and energy from the mine Worldviews differ among people

7. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Many factors shape worldviews Communities/ Societies or Nation Education: Widen the scope (Science and others) Religions Political ideology Economics Individual interests -Vested interest : a strong personal interests in the outcome of a decision that may results in one’s private gain or loss for an individual CEO, and Share-holders of the mining company.

8. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Many factors shape worldviews Communities/ Societies or Nation Education: Widen the scope (Science and others) Religions Political ideology Economics Individual interests

9. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ethics: What is “GOOD” ? Ethics : the study of good and bad, right and wrong -Relativists : ethics varies with social context (No Absolute standard) -Universalists : right and wrong remains the same across cultures and situations Ethical standards: criteria that help differentiate right from wrong -Classical standard : Virtues (Aristotle) Truthfulness, Courage, Proper Pride, Modesty, etc. -Categorical Imperative (Kant): ~ The Golden Rule -Utility: something right produces the most benefits for the most people (J. Bentham, J.S. Mill: Utilitarian) → Pragmatism: American Philosophy

10. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings LEVELS of SOCIETIES (from Anthropology): Omit (1)Band Level: 25~50 people, Situational leader Nomadic hunter/gatherers, Little sense of private properties, Egalitarian ethic, “Zen road to affluence” most eco-friendly eg) Bushman (Dobe) in Kalahari: polygyny, (2) Tribal Level: 100’s~1,000’s, Headmen (some authority) Horticulture (low-intensity farming)/hunting, shamanism eg) Yanomamo in Amazon (3) Chiefdom: Several settlements (1,000’s ~tens of thousands), Farming/nomadic, Chief (Strong leadership, often inherited) (4) States/Kingdom: ~millions, Centralized authority Farming/Industry, Standing Army & Police, least eco-friendly

11. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ethical Standards, Social Norms/Laws varies greatly: Eg. 1) Marriage: Monogamy : a standard in most societies, many societies/cultures allow Polygamy Polygyny Polyandry: in harsh environment with extremely limited resource needing low population growth (Tibet, Nepal, Ladakh* etc) Eg. 2) Rituals: Funerals Cremation, Burials Yanomamo Tribe (in Amazon/Orinoco) Cannibal Tribes in Papua: Sky Burial (Tibet) *”Ancient Future: learning from Ladakh” 1992, Lessons from Ladakh for a Globalizing World by Helena Norberg-Hodge, Lessons from Ladakh for a Globalizing WorldHelena Norberg-Hodge

12. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Environmental ethics Environmental ethics : application of ethical standards to relationships between human and non-human entities -Hard to resolve; depends on the person’s ethical standards -Depends on the person’s domain of ethical concern Should we conserve resources for future generations? Is it OK for some communities to be exposed to excess pollution? Should humans drive other species to extinction? Is is OK to destroy a forest to create jobs for people?

13. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings We have expanded our ethical consideration To include animals, communities, nature US(1863) Russia(1861) Britain(1833) Haiti(1804)

14. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Expanding ethical concern Why have we expanded our ethical concerns? -Economic prosperity: more leisure time, less anxieties -Science: interconnection of all organisms Non-western cultures often have broader ethical domains Three perspectives in Western ethics -Anthropocentrism : only humans have rights -Biocentrism : certain living things also have value -Ecocentrism : whole ecological systems have value -Holistic perspective, stresses preserving connections Clouds, Papers and Computers: Everything is related.

15. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Expanding ethical concern Why have we expanded our ethical concerns? -Economic prosperity: more leisure time, less anxieties -Science: interconnection of all organisms Non-western cultures often have broader ethical domains Three perspectives in Western ethics -Anthropocentrism : only humans have rights -Biocentrism : certain living things also have value -Ecocentrism : whole ecological systems have value -Holistic perspective, stresses preserving connections Clouds & Papers: Everything is related/connected. * Thich Nhat Hanh

16. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anthropocentrism : only humans have rights Francis Bacon (1561-1626): English Philosopher, Empiricism Novum Organum (New Instrument), Modern Inductive Method Four Idols: false notions or tendencies which distort the truth. (1)"Idols of the Tribe" (idola tribus), common to the race;idola tribus Prejudice as Human Beings. (2) “Idols of the Den" (idola specus), peculiar to the individual;idola specus (3) "Idols of the Marketplace" (idola fori), coming from the misuse of language;idola fori (4) "Idols of the Theatre" (idola theatri), from abuse of authorityidola theatri Biocentrism : certain living things also have value Peter Singer (1946- ): Contemporary Philosopher Human Bioethics at Princeton: “Animal Liberation”, Provide philosophical basis for Animal Rights

17. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Clouds, Papers and Computers Clouds → Rain → Moisture → Photosynthesis → Carbohydrate H 2 O(g) H 2 O(l) H 2 O(l) CO 2 & Sunlight (CH 2 O)n in Soil in Plant Starch & Cellulose Food Pulp Paper H 2 O(g) + CO 2 (g) ← (burning or decaying back to) ← (CH 2 O)n (This is basically one of important path in the Carbon Cycle & Water cycle)

18. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Western ethical expansion

19. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings History of environmental ethics People have long questioned our relationship with the environment Christianity’s attitude towards the environment - Anthropocentric hostility towards Nature “Be fruitful & multiply, fill the earth & subdue it” (Conquer) - Benevolent Stewardship over Nature (Tame/Guide) The Industrial Revolution increased consumption and pollution - People no longer appreciated nature - Transcendentalism : nature is a manifestation of the divine R. W. Emerson, H. D. Thoreau (“Walden”) ~ earliest ecocentrist W. Whitman

20. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The preservation ethic: “Natural environment be kept in pristine/original conditions” “Unspoiled nature should be protected for its own inherent value” : an ecocentric viewpoint, John Muir, 1838-1914 - an early environmentalists. (Founder of the Sierra Club) - motivated by rapid deforestation & and environmental degradation he witnessed throughout N America. with President Roosevelt at Yosemite National Park, (opened 1872 )

21. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The conservation ethic: “ Use natural resources wisely (sustainably) for the greatest good for the most people” Gifford Pinchot (1865-1946) had an anthropocentric viewpoint Founder, US Forest Service (T. Roosevelt Administration)

22. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Land Ethic and the Environmental Philosopher Aldo Leopold (1887-1949): “Land Ethic” (1949): included the environment to ethical frame work. Human should view themselves and “the land” as members of the same community. Ecocentric - Treat land (soils, waters, plants, animals) in an ethical manner respecting all the fellow members. - Land Ethic changes the role of people from conquerors of the land to citizens of it. “Healthy ecological systems depend on protecting all parts of the system”

23. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Deep Ecology, Ecofeminism, and Justice Deep ecology: humans are inseparable from nature (integral part) Since all living things have equal value, they should be protected Ecofeminism: - male-dominated societies have degraded women and the environment through fear and hate, with hierarchies and competition (patriarchal androcentrism) → Feminine worldview: interpret the world in terms of equal interrelationships and cooperation, more in tune with nature Environmental justice: the fair and equitable treatment of all people regarding environmental issues - Wealthy nations dump hazardous waste in poorer nations with uninformed residents (Cf. Shell in Nigeria, 2009)

24. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Environmental justice (EJ) The poor and minorities are exposed to more pollution, hazards, and environmental degradation 75% of toxic waste landfills in the southeastern U.S. are in communities with higher racial minorities

25. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Environmental justice and Native Americans in New Mexico From 1948 to the 1960s, Navajo miners were not warned of radiation risks of the Uranium mines, nor provided protection by the industry or the U.S. government High incidences of health problems and premature deaths Radiation Exposure and Compensation Act (1990) compensated Navajo miners.

26. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

27. Economics Friction occurs between people’s ethical and economic impulses or interests Is there a trade-off between economics and the environment? Generally, environmental protection is good for the economy Economics studies how people use resources to provide goods and services in the face of demand Most environmental and economic problems are linked Root “oikos” (Gr., house, household, family) gave rise to both ecology and economics

28. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Economics (1) What to Produce? (2)How to Produce? → Division of Labor (3) Who get to consume the Product Products have Values: Adam Smith: “Water Diamond Paradox” Use Value Exchange Value Diamond Very Low Very High Water Very High Very Low ↓ Price

29. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Economics Economy : a social system that converts resources into - Goods: manufactured materials that are bought to be distributed, - Services: work done for others as a form of business Types of Economy: 1. Subsistence economy : people get their daily needs directly from nature; they do not purchase or trade (hunters/gatherers, farmers) still practiced in some regions of the world 2. Capitalist market economy : buyers and sellers interact to determine prices and production of goods and services 3. Centrally planned economy : the government determines how to allocate resources 4. Mixed economy : governments intervene to some extent

30. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Government intervenes in a market economy Even in capitalist market economies, governments intervene to: - Eliminate unfair advantages held by single buyers/sellers - Provide social services (national defense, medical care, education) -Provide safety nets for elderly, disaster victims, etc. -Manage the commons -Mitigate pollution & other threats to health and quality of life The Economic Crisis of 2010 Financial Melt down: by Failure of Control of the US Government)

31. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Three Schools of Economics: based on value system Classical Economics: - Resources (soil, mineral, water, food etc.) are valuable Neoclassical Economics - Labor, Human resource have value Ecological Economics: all above plus - Ecosystem have value Ecosystem Service: Service done naturally by the Ecosystem for economy.

32. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Environmental systems support economies with Ecosystem Service Ecosystem services: essential services support the life that makes economic activities possible * Soil formation * Pollination * Water purification * Nutrient cycling * Waste treatment Table 2.2 for more examples Economic activities affect the environment - Deplete natural resources - Produce too much pollution

33. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The global value of all ecosystem services The global economic value of all ecosystem services equals $46 trillion -More than the GDP of all nations combined Protecting land gives more value than converting it to some other use

34. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Conventional view of economics Conventional economics focuses on production and consumption Ignores the environment The environment is an external “factor of production” 6/9/09

35. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Environmental view of economics Human economies exist within, and depend on, the environment Without natural resources, there would be no economies 4th Mtg end (8/28/08), 5th Mtg end (8/28/08)

36. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classical economics Adam Smith, 1723-1790: “Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations” (1776) Competition between people free to pursue their own economic self-interest will result in a market place which behaves as if it is guided by an invisible hand that ensures their action will benefit society as a whole. - This idea is a pillar of free-market thought today - It is also blamed for economic inequality: Rich vs. Poor Critics think that market capitalism should be restricted by government

37. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Economics (1) What to Produce? (2)How to Produce? → Division of Labor (3) Who get to consume the Product Products have Values: Adam Smith: “Water Diamond Paradox” Use Value Exchange Value Diamond Very Low Very High Water Very High Very Low ↓ Price How is the price determined ?

38. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neoclassical economics Examines the psychological factors underlying consumer choices Market prices are explained in terms of consumer preferences Buyers vs. Sellers The market favors equilibrium between supply and demand. Price Ceilings & Price Floors: Apartment Rent, Price of Farm Products Supply: “The higher the price, the more likely manufacturer to produce. Demand: “The lower the price, the consumers more willing to buy more” The “right” quantities of a product are produced at the equilibrium point.

39. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Marginal benefit and cost curves Cost-benefit analysis : the costs of a proposed action are compared to the benefits that result from the action If benefits > costs: pursue the action Not all costs and benefits can be identified Marginal benefit and cost curves determine an “optimal” level of resource use or pollution mitigation

40. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neoclassical economics Enormous wealth and jobs are generated -Environmental problems are also created Assumptions of neoclassical economics: -Resources are infinite or substitutable -Costs and benefits are internal -Long-term effects are discounted -Growth is good

41. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Assumption: Resources are infinite Economic models treat resources as substitutable and interchangeable -A replacement resource will be found But, Earth’s resources are limited -Nonrenewable resources can be depleted -Renewable resources can also be depleted -For example, Easter Islanders destroyed their forests

42. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Costs and benefits are experienced by the buyer and seller alone -Do not affect other members of the society -Pricing ignores social, environmental or economic costs Externalities: costs or benefits involving people other than the buyer or seller External costs: borne by someone not involved in a transaction -Human health problems -Resource depletion -Hard to account for and eliminate -How do you assign monetary value to illness? Assumption: Costs and benefits are internal

43. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings A future event counts less than a present one -Discounting : short-term costs and benefits are more important than long-term costs and benefits -Policymakers ignore long term consequences of our actions -Discourages attention to resource depletion and pollution Economic growth is necessary to maintain employment and social order -Promoting economic growth creates opportunities for poor to become wealthier -Progress is measured by economic growth Assumptions: Long-term effects are discounted and growth is good

44. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings “More and bigger is better” NO in the long run The dramatic rise in per-person consumption has severe environmental consequences Is the growth paradigm good for us?

45. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Is economic growth sustainable? Affluenza: material goods do not always bring contentment Uncontrolled economic growth is unsustainable -Technology can push back limits, but not forever -More efficient resource extraction and food production perpetuates the illusion that resources are unlimited Many economists believe technology can solve everything

46. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Other types of economists Ecological economists: civilizations cannot overcome environmental limitations -Steady state economies should mirror natural ecological systems -Calls for revolution Environmental economists: unsustainable economies have high population growth and inefficient resource use -Modify neoclassical economics to increase efficiency -Calls for reform

47. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings A steady state economy As resources became harder to find, economic growth slows and stabilizes (John Stuart Mill, 1806-1873) We must rethink our assumptions and change our way of economic transactions This does not mean a lower quality of life Economies are measured in various ways Gross Domestic Product (GDP): total monetary value of final goods and services produced Does not account for nonmarket values Pollution increases GDP

48. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings A steady state economy As resources became harder to find, economic growth slows and stabilizes (John Stuart Mill, 1806-1873) - We must rethink our assumptions - Many other traditional societies in the world the aborigines and nomads. Economies are measured in various ways - Gross Domestic Product (GDP): total monetary value of final goods and services produced -Does not account for nonmarket values

49. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings GPI: An alternative to the GDP Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI): differentiates between desirable and undesirable economic activity -Positive contributions (i.e. volunteer work) not paid for with money are added to economic activity -Negative impacts (crime, pollution) are subtracted In the U.S., GDP has risen greatly, but not GPI

50. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings GPI: An alternative to the GDP Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI): differentiates between desirable and undesirable economic activity -Positive contributions (i.e. volunteer work) not paid for with money are added to economic activity -Negative impacts (crime, pollution) are subtracted In the U.S., GDP has risen greatly, but not GPI

51. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Computer simulations project future trends Current consumption patterns predict economic collapse Results of policies of sustainability

52. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings More “green accounting” indicators Skip Net Economic Welfare (NEW) = adjusts GDP by adding the value of leisure time, while deducting environmental degradation Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW) = based on income, wealth distribution, resource depletion These indicators give a more accurate indication of a nation’s welfare -Very controversial, hard to practice

53. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gross National Happiness (GNH) Indicator 1972 by Bhutan's King Jigme Singye Wangchuck (Give up kingdom)BhutanJigme Singye Wangchuck The concept of gross national happiness (GNH) was developed in an attempt to define an indicator that measures quality of life or social progress in more holistic and psychological terms than gross national product or GDP.quality of lifeholisticgross national product The Bhutanese grounding in Buddhist ideals suggests that beneficial development of human society takes place when material and spiritual development occur side by side to complement each other. The four pillars of GNH are the promotion of sustainable development, preservation/promotion of cultural values, conservation of the natural environment, and establishment of good governance. spiritualsustainable developmentcultural valuesnatural environmentgood governance Other Indices: Quality of Life Index, Happy Planet Index World Happiness IndexWorld Happiness Index, Global Happiness Index, Relative Happiness Index, Australian Happiness Index, Happiness Scale, World Values SurveyGlobal Happiness IndexRelative Happiness Index Australian Happiness IndexHappiness ScaleWorld Values Survey

54. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Quality of Life Index(QOLI) Health / Life Expectancy Family Life Community Life Material Well-being Political Stability/Security Climate Geography Job Security Freedom Gender Equality

55. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Quality of Life Index(QOLI) Health/Life Expectancy Family Life Community Life Material Well-being Political Stability/Security Climate Geography Job Security Freedom & Social Justices Gender Equality Is GDP is directly involved?

56. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Happy Planet Index(HPI) – the most holistic index an index of human well-being and environmental impactindex - introduced by the New Economics Foundation (NEF)New Economics Foundation in July 2006. How each nation can make “Gaia” Happy/Healthy promoting sustainability? -grasping planet as an organism. HPI ~ QOLI/per capita Ecological Foot Print(EFP)

57. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings GDPQOLIHPI 2010 ($62T) (2005)(2009) 1US ($15T)Ireland(8.3) Costa Rica(76) 2China(5.7)Swiss(8.1) Dominic. R.(72) 3Japan(5.4)Norway(8.1) Jamaica(70) 4Germ.(3.3)Luxem.(8.0) Guatemala(68) 5France(2.6)Sweden(7.9) *Vietnam(67) 6UK (2.3)*Austral.(7.9) Columbia(66) 7Italy (2.0)Iceland(7.9) Cuba (66) 8Brazil(2.0)Italy(7.8) El Salva. (62) 17 Bhutan (59) 9Canada(1.6)Denmark(7.8) Brazil(61) 20 China (57) 10Russia(1.5)Spain(7.7) Honduras(61) 75 Japan(43) 11India(1.4)*Singap.(7.7) Nicaragua (61) 114 US (31) 12Spain(1.4)Finland(7.6) * Egypt(60) 196 Countries W. Europe C. & L. Am. 193 in UN Kosovo, Taiwan, Vatican

58. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Valuing ecosystems goods and services Our society mistreats the very systems that sustain it -The market ignores/undervalues ecosystem values Nonmarket values : values not included in the price of a good or service The global value of all ecosystem services ~ $42 trillion! (an underestimation)

59. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Assigning value to ecosystem services Contingent valuation : uses surveys to determine how much people are willing to pay to protect or restore a resource -Measures expressed preferences -But, since people don’t really pay, they may overinflate values Revealed preferences = revealed by actual behavior -Time, money, effort people spend -Measuring the actual cost of restoring natural systems The global value of all ecosystem services = $42 trillion!

60. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Markets can fail Market failure : Markets do not reflect the negative effects of activities on the environment or people (external costs) - markets do not account for the environment’s positive impacts Government intervention counters market failure -Laws and regulations -Green taxes : penalize environmentally harmful activities -Economic incentives to promote conservation and sustainability

61. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ecolabeling addresses market failures The market can be used to counter market failure -Create markets in permits -Ecolabeling: tells consumers which brands use sustainable processes A powerful incentive for businesses to switch to better processes -“Dolphin safe” tuna -Organically grown foods -Socially responsible investing in sustainable companies

62. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Corporations are responding to concerns Industries, businesses, and corporations can make money by “greening” their operations -Local sustainably oriented businesses are being started -Large corporations are riding the “green wave” of consumer preference for sustainable products -Nike, Gap Be careful of greenwashing, where consumers are misled into thinking companies are acting sustainably

63. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Conclusion Recent developments have brought economic approaches to bear on environmental protection and conservation Environmental ethics has expanded people’s ethical considerations Economic welfare can be enhanced without growth, resulting in economic health and environmental quality

64. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings QUESTION: Review An ecocentric worldview would consider the impact of an action on… ? a) Humans only b) Animals only c) Plants only d) All living things e) All nonliving things

65. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings QUESTION: Review Which ethic holds that healthy ecosystems depend on the protection of all their parts? a)Preservation ethic b)Land ethic c)Conservation ethic d)Deep ecology e)Biocentrism

66. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings QUESTION: Review Which of the following is an ecosystem service? a)Water purification in wetlands b)Climate regulation in the atmosphere c)Nutrient cycling in ecosystems d)Waste treatment by bacteria e)All of the above

67. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings QUESTION: Review Which is NOT an assumption of neoclassical economics that can lead to environmental degradation? a)Resources are limited b)Long-term effects are downplayed c)All costs and benefits are experienced by the buyer and seller alone d)Growth is good

68. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings QUESTION: Review Which of the following statements would be spoken by an ecological economist? a)The current economic system is working fine b)The current economic system simply needs to be fine-tuned c)The current economic system is broken and a new one needs to be developed d)Economic systems never work

69. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data Market equilibrium, which sets the price of a product, is reached … a) When supply exceeds demand b) When demand exceeds supply c) By demand when quantity is low, and supply when quantity is high d) When supply equals demand

70. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data Which conclusion can you draw from this graph? a) GDP has not really increased since 1950 b) Although we are spending more money, our lives are not much better c) We are spending less money, and our lives are much better d) The GPI is not as accurate as GDP

71. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings QUESTION: Viewpoints Think of an issue in your community that could pit environmentalists against economic development. What do you think should prevail: environmental protection or economic development? a) Economic growth; we need the jobs b) Environmental protection; we need the environment c)Both; a compromise must be reached d)Whatever costs the taxpayers the least

72. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings QUESTION: Viewpoints What entities do you include in your domain of ethical concern? a)Humans only b)Humans and pets c)Humans, pets, and other animals d)Humans, pets, other animals, and nature