1. Authorization and Inspection of Cyclotron Facilities Design, Layout and Shielding

2. Authorization and Inspection of Cyclotron Facilities Objective To give an overview of the different components of a facility. To understand the different elements in shielding design. Perform simple calculations.

3. Authorization and Inspection of Cyclotron Facilities Main components of a facility:

4. Authorization and Inspection of Cyclotron Facilities FunctionClassificationArea (m 2 ) Entrance for the personnelNon-controlled4 Staff officesNon-controlled60 KitchenNon-controlled11 Quarentine roomNon-controlled5 Technical gases roomNon-controlled4 Raw materials roomNon-controlled20 Transport containers roomNon-controlled13 Description of areas– Type III facility

5. Authorization and Inspection of Cyclotron Facilities Description of areas– Type III facility FunciónClasificaciónArea (m 2 ) ToiletsNon-controlled9 Personnel airlockControlled10 Preparation laboratoryControlled13 Packing roomControlled13 Radiopharmaceutical production laboratory Controlled32 Research lab.Controlled27

6. Authorization and Inspection of Cyclotron Facilities FunciónClasificaciónArea (m 2 ) Service corridor for hot cells Controlled13 Radioactive wasteControlled4 QC labsControlled44 Control roomControlled10 Power supply roomControlled9 Service roomControlled21 Description of areas– Type III facility

7. Authorization and Inspection of Cyclotron Facilities BunkerControlled 80 m 2 (24 m 2 internal) Description of areas– Type III facility

8. Authorization and Inspection of Cyclotron Facilities Some considerations: All controlled areas (vaults and labs) grouped together To limit transport of radioactive materials through uncontrolled areas and to keep distances short! Distance between production target and hot cells as short as possible Irradiation rooms adjacent to cyclotron vault To optimise beam transport and shielding! Some technical areas are to be considered as controlled area (ventilation)

9. Authorization and Inspection of Cyclotron Facilities Some considerations (cont): A place for storing highly activated components is recommended. A transfer hatch for loading/unloading radioactive materials should be considered. A lock with sequential air pressure drop (lower pressure towards the higher risk area) should be installed between controlled area and public area. Regulatory Body and the supplier should both be consulted as early is possible in the project!

10. Authorization and Inspection of Cyclotron Facilities

11. Shielding design Primary beam No shielding Secondary neutrons Shielding Photons Shielding Activation No shielding Shielding needs during cyclotron operation

12. Authorization and Inspection of Cyclotron Facilities Hot Cells  Gamma rays of 511 keV 5,5  Sv/h per mCi!

13. Authorization and Inspection of Cyclotron Facilities  Shielding needed against fast neutrons;  Moderation: most efficient through elastic scattering on light nuclei;  H-rich materials like water, paraffin, concrete, …

14. Authorization and Inspection of Cyclotron Facilities  Prompt gamma flux;  Final product in the hot cells;;  High-density materials.

15. Authorization and Inspection of Cyclotron Facilities  Density of 2.35 g/cm 3 ;  Addition of aggregate materials;  Low cost?

16. Authorization and Inspection of Cyclotron Facilities Neutron Source term Intensity + energy spectrum + angular distribution Depends on the type and energy of the particles, the target material and geometry of the assembly. Cyclotrons dedicated for radionuclide production: 1 (or 2) particles, 1 energy and 1 (or 2) types of target Cyclotrons multi-particle, multi-energy: conservative approach

17. Authorization and Inspection of Cyclotron Facilities Literature data Spectrum

18. Authorization and Inspection of Cyclotron Facilities  Although particle emission varies with the angle, by considering an isotropic emission we are being conservative (recommended).

19. Authorization and Inspection of Cyclotron Facilities What are the doses? IBA 18/9 320 mSv/h per µA at 1,76 m

20. Authorization and Inspection of Cyclotron Facilities GE PETtrace 300 mSv/h per µA at 1,00 m What are the doses?

21. Authorization and Inspection of Cyclotron Facilities TVL in concrete! 33 cm 200 cm is  6 TVL

22. Authorization and Inspection of Cyclotron Facilities  Monte Carlo simulations indicate... In small wall depths, the neutron dose is 100 times higher than the photons dose. 3 mSv/h per µA TVL  42 cm What are the doses?

23. Authorization and Inspection of Cyclotron Facilities Source of 511 keV 16 mm What are the doses?

24. Authorization and Inspection of Cyclotron Facilities  The cyclotron operates with 60 µA, producing a neutron dose H 0, at 1m from the target.  What is the necessary concrete thickness in order to have a dosis of 20µSv/week in a point situated at 5.5 m?

25. Authorization and Inspection of Cyclotron Facilities 300 mSv/h per µA 60 µA18 Sv/h H 0 at 1,00 m at 5,5 m: 18 Sv/h X (1m) 2 =D’ X (5,5 m) 2 = 595 mSv/h

26. Authorization and Inspection of Cyclotron Facilities for 40 hours/week: 40 h/sem X 595 mSv/h = 23,8 Sv/week

27. Authorization and Inspection of Cyclotron Facilities The required transmission for a shielding that will reduce the dose of 23.8 Sv/wk to 20 µSv/wk, is:

28. Authorization and Inspection of Cyclotron Facilities X is the necessary shielding thickness Concrete 2.35 g/cm 3

29. Authorization and Inspection of Cyclotron Facilities 3 mSv/h per µA 60 µA180 mSv/h H 0 at 1,00 m at 5,5 m: 180 mSv/h X (1m) 2 =D’ X (5,5 m) 2 = 5,95 mSv/h

30. Authorization and Inspection of Cyclotron Facilities The required transmission for a shielding that will reduce the dose of 0,24 Sv/wk to 20 µSv/wk, is:

31. Authorization and Inspection of Cyclotron Facilities X is the necessary shielding thickness Concrete 2.35 g/cm 3

32. Authorization and Inspection of Cyclotron Facilities Non-controlled! The occupancy factor has to be considered!

33. Authorization and Inspection of Cyclotron Facilities Monte Carlo!

34. Authorization and Inspection of Cyclotron Facilities  Ensures that some dose rate values are not exceded in the self shielding surface!

35. Authorization and Inspection of Cyclotron Facilities