1. Sahel & North Africa Vocabulary http://messengerandadvocate.files.wordpress.com/2007/04/west-africa-ghana-mission.jpg Terms are in green. Definitions of the terms are in boxes.

2. 1. export There are many ways to export products. http://www.starfireusa.com/CMSUploads/ExportServices2.JPG

3. To export a product, a country needs a way to send it out of the country. http://www.chinasignpost.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/sudan-map-21.jpg

5. 1. export: send something out of the country to sell http://www.auguricom.com/Import--and--Export.php

6. 2. import: bring things INTO your country from outside

7. 3. developing country But most African countries are still developing countries. The U.S. is already a developed country. http://www.fullpassport.com/Trip2001/Images11/timsuburb.jpg

8. Developing countries may be VERY poor, or they may be a mix of modern and poor. http://media.photobucket.com/image/sao%20paulo%20poverty%20wealth/wishbone98/Sao_Paulo.jpg http://www.dictatorshipwatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/poverty_children.jpg Brazil Pakistan

9. 3. develop ing country: has very limited industry & technology and often poor

10. 4. developed country Other examples of developed countries are Japan and France. The U.S. is already a developed country. http://fc05.deviantart.net/fs71/f/2010/242/b/c/tokyo_skyline_2_by_freddy13131-d2xnqnk.jpg Tokyo, Japan Paris, France http://d2f29brjr0xbt3.cloudfront.net/270_skyline/newyorkskyline.jpg

11. 4. develop ed countries: have lots of technology and are usually wealthy

12. 5. landlocked http://www.harpercollege.edu/~mhealy/g101t/studygd/unit2/samer/smclosed.gif There are only 2 landlocked countries in South America, but there are many in Europe. http://d-maps.com/m/europemin/europemin09.gif

14. 5. landlocked: a country that does not border the sea http://www.mapsofworld.com/africa/thematic/maps/africa-landlocked-countries.jpg Landlocked countries better get along with their neighbors if they want to export things by sea!

15. 6. subsistence farming Subsistence farms are small. They don’t usually have extra to sell for profit. There are many subsistence farmers in developing countries.

16. 6. Subsistence farming produces just enough food to help feed the farmer’s own family.

17. 7. drought Deforestation can make droughts more severe.

19. 7. drought: a time with very little rainfall. http://www.flickr.com/photos/photographerglen/963960046/

20. 8. erosion Deforestation leaves the soil with no trees and tree roots to protect it. This leads to serious erosion. http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Erosion

21. Deforestation and erosion leave the soil less able to absorb rainwater. So flooding is more common during heavy rain.

23. Erosion by the Colorado River formed the Grand Canyon. http://www.flickr.com/photos/67307569@N00/2616398736/ 8. erosion: the process of soil or rock being washed away

24. http://www.syngentafoundation.org/images/sahel_zone.gif 9. Sahel

25. It looks like this... http://www.eduspace.esa.int/Background/images/Sahel1.jpe http://www.eduspace.esa.int/Background/images/Sahel2.jpg

26. http://www.cesbio.ups-tlse.fr/data_all/images/sahel23.gif

27. http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/893/45020643.JPG

28. 9. Sahel: the dry grassland on the south edge of the Sahara Desert http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/41074000/gif/_41074256_africa_sahel_map203.gif Sahara Desert Sahel

29. The Sahel has a shortage of arable land. http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7251/7838744884_5a9323efa9_z.jpg 10. arable

31. 10. arable: land good for farming http://www.fernleighfarms.com/images/rows_green.jpg

32. http://www.eduspace.esa.int/Background/images/Sahel1.jpe 11. overgraze When animals graze too long in one area, they strip the leaves off trees and tear plants up by the roots. This permanently kills plants and trees.

33. 11. overgraze: letting herds eat too much in one area, permanently damaging plants http://geographyfieldwork.com/soiler12_small.jpg

34. 12. slash-and-burn This is a traditional way of clearing land for subsistence farmers – worldwide. http://www.listentoafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/web430-GW-G9-15NOV09-036.jpg

35. In an area with low population density, this works well. http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/786/586368.JPG They farm the land, let it grow back for many years, and eventually re-cut it.

36. http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/786/586368.JPG But in modern times, high population density means they can’t wait to let the trees grow back.

37. They just keep using the land – over and over – until it is no longer fertile, then abandon it to erosion. http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/786/586368.JPG

38. Slash-and-burn farming often leads to serious soil erosion http://photos.mongabay.com/06/1125marojejy.jpg

39. and deforestation. http://www.wtamu.edu/~crobinson/Erosion/erosion7.jpg

40. 12. slash-and-burn: cutting down trees and bushes & burning it to get ready to farm http://www.plexuseco.com/EPOW/EPOW-Archive/archive_2006/EPOW-060515_files/5648%20Congo%20Basin%20shift%20cultivn.jpg

41. 13. desertification Overgrazing, slash-and-burn farming, and drought can all cause desertification. http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/769/551267.JPG

42. Deforestation Desertification Healthy Land http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/769/588782.JPG

44. 13. desertification: the process of land becoming desert http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/images/lithosphere/eolian/desertification_africa_fao_11638.jpg

45. http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~carolm/vietnampics/Reforestation_centralhighlands2.JPG 14. reforestation

46. In Benin, these farmers plant trees to use just for firewood and fencing. That saves the natural growth trees. http://www.opecfund.org/about/images/sustainable_development_4_0001.jpg

47. What has happened between the 1975 satellite image and the one from 2005? http://conservationmagazine.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Sahel-Satellite-sm.jpg

48. 14. reforestation: replanting trees that have been destroyed by deforestation http://www.africanimpact.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Token-picture-lr.jpg

49. 15. crop rotation GRAINS http://moofafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/crop-rotation.png

50. Planting the same crop in the same field every year takes the same nutrients out of the soil every year. http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2636/3703600484_bcea1c578a_z.jpg http://ts4.mm.bing.net/th?id=H.5054194074518695&pid=15.1

51. http://www.dkimages.com/discover/Projects/JH825/previews/20221980.JPG 1 4 3 2 Crop rotation fixes that, since you rotate your planting – different crops in different fields – each year.

52. 15. crop rotation: planting different crops in different years to keep the soil arable http://www.bestgardening.com/bgc/images/rotation4year01.gif

53. Sahel & North Africa vocabulary Sahel arable overgraze slash-and-burn desertification reforestation crop rotation export import developed developing landlocked subsistence farming drought erosion