1. GOOGLE SCHOLAR Compiled by Helene van der Sandt

2. WHAT IS GOOGLE SCHOLAR?

3. Is a search engine that searches for scholarly literature across many disciplines Searches for articles, theses, books, abstracts, court opinions from:  Academic publishers, professional societies, online repositories, universities and other web sites Google Scholar also includes court opinions and patents

4. Are all Google Scholar articles full text? No, not all Google Scholar articles will have free full text Some Google Scholar articles are linked to full text in library resources, when working on campus If a Google Scholar article is not linked to full text, check in the Library Catalogue for a print or electronic copy Full Text?

5. HOW TO USE SEARCH TECHNIQUES IN GOOGLE SCHOLAR?

6. TITLE SEARCH Put the paper’s title in quotations Example: “long walk to freedom” Google Scholar will automatically find the paper or book as well as other papers which mention it

7. Keyword Search Decide on the main concepts (keywords) of your topic Avoid words that are vague or have multiple meanings  Also think of: Synonyms Alternative spellings Abbreviations / Acronyms Broader or narrower meanings of your original keywords You may lose lots of useful information if you do not search for the alternative terms of your keywords

8. Combining Keywords with AND Type in all the keywords that must be present in your search results For example: You want to see if chocolate makes people happier. Keywords: happiness chocolate (Google Scholar automatically puts AND between keywords) Can also search: happiness AND chocolate

9. Alternative Keywords If your keyword has a synonym or alternative term, how do you indicate this to Google Scholar? By putting OR between the alternative terms for the keyword, e.g. TB OR tuberculosis You can also put a | (vertical bar) between the alternative terms of the keyword, e.g. TB|Tuberculosis OR

10. Combining AND with OR When you are using both the AND plus OR operator it makes it easier to put round brackets round all the keywords that have alternative terms indicated by the OR operator Example: Discuss the therapy for tuberculosis (therapy OR therapies OR medicine OR medicines OR treatment OR treating) AND (tuberculosis OR TB) OR AND

11. Excluding keywords  Some times you want to exclude a keyword from your search results  For example you want to search for viruses, but not computer viruses  (virus OR viruses) –computer Can also search (virus|viruses) –computer

12. Phrases as keywords  You can indicate a phrase by surrounding the phrase by quotation marks “ “  Use phrases when you want to search for particular words in a particular order  This means no other words will be between your keywords  You can also use more than one phrase, e.g. “South Africa”

13. More Search Tips/Help www.googleguide.com Google and Google Scholar use the same search techniques

14. Cheat Sheet http://www.googleguide.com/advanced_operators_reference.html

15. EXERCISE 1 Discuss the dangers of global warming

17. Combine Keywords “global warming” AND (dangers OR danger OR dangerous OR risk OR risks)

18. Type keywords in search box If the text box is not big enough to type in all the alternative for dangers, you can add the other alternatives on the next page.

19. Add the other alternatives The other alternatives added

20. Search Results Keywords are indicated in bold. v v v v

21. SEARCH RESULTS

22. Specify types of articles If you only interested in “Legal documents”, click here You can include or exclude patents and citations

23. Specify the date You can select one of these options or type a specific date range under “Custom range”

24. Citations This paper was cited 422 times by other papers. Click on it so see the papers that cited this specific paper.

25. Related articles Click on related articles to see additional resources on the same keywords

26. FINDING THE FULL TEXT OF THE RESOURCE

27. If the full-text of the resource is available freely online, Google Scholar will give you the link. Click on links labeled [PDF] or [HTML] to the right of the screen. Also, check out the All versions link below the search result.

28. Google Scholar also locates an electronic version of the work through our affiliated library resources If you are using a computer on campus it will let you access your library's online subscriptions. Click on the title of article if there is no PDF link to full text. Link to full text

29. WHEN FULL-TEXT ACCESS IS NOT AVAILABLE ON GOOGLE SCHOLAR

30. If there is no access to full text

31. Access restricted

32. Note the publication details Journal Title: Sustainable Development Year – 2005 Volume 13 Issue 4 Pages 228-238 (or article title)

33. Access to Catalogue via Library website http://library.nmmu.ac.za

34. Library Catalogue

36. Click on this entry

37. Access to this title is available - online Click on the title

38. Access via Business Source Complete (EBSCO) Click on the link

40. Scroll down to the relevant article

41. Full text - PDF

42. EXAMPLE OF A JOURNAL AVAILABLE ONLINE AND IN PRINT

43. Some volumes are also electronically available by clicking on the title and then on the link Some volumes of this journal is available in print in the library

44. CREATING E-MAIL ALERTS

45. Creating e-mail alerts Click on this icon. This option will enable Google Scholar to send e-mail alerts when new articles that match your keywords are added to Google Scholar.

46. This page displays your original search query, a box into which you can enter the e-mail address to which you want the Alert sent and a button to create the alert. You can click the "Update Results" button to generate a new "Sample Results" list if you have altered your original query.

47. Thank You