1. Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation Pedestrian Design at Intersections Lesson 11 Publication No. FHWA-HRT-05-106

2. Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation 2-2 Lesson Outline Intersection design principles. Purpose and design of crosswalks, curb ramps, technology, half-signals, curb extensions, pushbuttons, refuge islands, and roundabouts.

3. Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation 2-3 Encourage crossing at intersection corners. Make pedestrians visible to traffic. Make vehicular traffic visible to pedestrians. Encourage predictable pedestrian actions. Ease movement to street level. Minimize crossing distance. Slow vehicular traffic. Intersection Design Principles

4. Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation 2-4 Reduced Visibility

5. Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation 2-5 Alternative Design

6. Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation 2-6 Purpose: –Control pedestrian movements. –Promote a connected pedestrian network. –Improve visibility of a crossing place. Design Issues: –Location. –Marking types. –Lighting. –Maintenance. Use of Crosswalks

7. Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation 2-7 Common Crosswalk Types

8. Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation 2-8 Purpose: –Provide access for wheelchair users, strollers, luggage, handcarts, etc. Design issues: –Location. –Slopes. –Flat landing area. –Obstructions in or near the ramp. –Width. Use of Curb Ramps

9. Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation 2-9 Curb Ramp Slopes

10. Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation 2-10 Slope and Counter Slope

11. Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation 2-11 Purpose: –Provide visibility to crossing. –Encourage and assist pedestrian crossings. Design issues: –Which treatment to use (lighting, flags, green signs, flashing beacons, staggered pedestrian crossings, etc.) and where to use? Use of Crossing and Detection Technology

12. Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation 2-12 In-Roadway Warning Lights

13. Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation 2-13 Purpose: –Assist pedestrian crossings on high-volume, unsignalized intersections along arterials. Design issues: –If delay > 30 seconds, pedestrians will cross on their own. –Adjust timing for pedestrian walking speeds. –Place pedestrian signal heads on channelized islands. –Provide audible signals where necessary. Use of Pedestrian Half-Signals

14. Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation 2-14 Example of Half-Signal

15. Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation 2-15 Purpose: –Shorten pedestrian crossing distance. –Shorten pedestrian signal phase. –Allow pedestrians to see the traffic better. –Allow traffic to see the pedestrians. Design issues: –Corner radius length. –How far to extend into the street? Use of Curb Extensions

16. Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation 2-16 Purpose: –Stop vehicular traffic and provide pedestrian crossing phase. Design issues: –Location (near ramps, in medians, etc.). –Lights (like an elevator call button) to indicate actuation of the pushbutton. –Quick response time to actuation. –WALK/DON’T WALK signal phase timing. Use of Signal Timing and Pushbuttons

17. Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation 2-17 Pushbuttons Source: PBIC, www.pedbikeimages.org

18. Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation 2-18 Purpose: –Provide a safe resting/waiting area for pedestrians. –Allow pedestrians to cross only one direction of traffic at a time. Design issues: –Accessible path through island. –Offset crosswalks to orient crossing pedestrians to oncoming traffic. –Minimum dimensions—1.8 meters (m) long by 3.7 m wide (12 feet (ft) long by 6 ft wide). –Highly visible approach nose. –Guide strips for the visually impaired. Use of Pedestrian Refuge Islands

19. Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation 2-19 Purpose: –Lower vehicular speeds. –Reduce the number of conflict points. –Shorten crossing distances and waiting times. Design issues: –Marked versus unmarked crosswalks. –Accessibility for visually impaired pedestrians. –Splitter islands. –Discouraging pedestrians from crossing to the center island. Use of Roundabouts

20. Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation 2-20 Conflict Points at Intersections

21. Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation 2-21 Lesson Summary Pedestrians can be accommodated even at wide, high-volume intersections. A wide variety of design elements exist to make good pedestrian design possible at intersections.