2. Billions of years ago, the surface of primitive Earth was HOT The atmosphere contained hydrogen cyanide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, and water (in the form of water vapor)

3. to vacuum pump In the 1950s, Stanley Miller and Harold Urey attempted to simulate the formation of organic compounds on early Earth.

4. The Miller Urey experiment suggests how oceans of abiotic gases could use energy from lightning to form the ORGANIC COMPOUNDS needed for life. Microfossils of single-celled prokaryotic organisms such as cyanobacteria are believed to be the earliest organisms to evolve on Earth dating back to 3.5 billion years ago. C H HH H H NC H O OHOH C

5. ORGANIC compounds contain a carbon-hydrogen bond (C 6 H 12 O 6, CH 4 ) Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Carbohydrates, Protein ORGANIC compounds contain a carbon-hydrogen bond (C 6 H 12 O 6, CH 4 ) Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Carbohydrates, Protein INORGANIC compounds do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bonds (CO 2, H 2 O) Carbon dioxide, water INORGANIC compounds do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bonds (CO 2, H 2 O) Carbon dioxide, water

6. are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Carbohydrates are made by plants (glucose) are the body’s primary source of energy come in two basic forms: monomers and polymers are made of monomers (building blocks) called monosaccharides

7. Glucose is a monosaccharide. C6C6 H 12 O6O6O6O6 Monosaccharides (simple sugars) are easily identified by their sweet taste. Other monosaccharides: fructose (fruit sugar) galactose (milk sugar) H CH2OHCH2OH O H H OHOH OHOH H H OHOH OHOH C C C C C Note the ring shape of the molecule.

8. Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made of long chains of monosaccharides. Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas) and cellulose (plant cell walls) are common polysaccharides. Sucrose (table sugar) is an example of a disaccharide (only two monosaccharides) O CH2OHCH2OH H O H H OHOH OHOH H H OHOH CH2OHCH2OH H H OHOH H O O H OHOH H CH2OHCH2OH H O H H OHOH OHOH H H OHOH C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C

9. What is the monomer (subunit) for carbohydrates? What are the functions of carbohydrates? Name examples of carbohydrates. monosaccharide (glucose) Quick energy source, structure (plant cell walls) glucose, starch, cellulose Elements Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen

10. Steroid hormones are lipids. Cell membranes are made of lipids. examples: fats, oils, waxes contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen water insoluble glycerol Long term energy source

11. Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H O C H C H C H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H HO CO C H HO C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H O C C H C H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H O C C H C H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H H made up of glycerol fatty acids and

12. What are the molecules that make up lipids? What are the functions of lipids? Name examples of lipids. glycerol and fatty acids energy storage (long-term), make up the cell membrane and hormones fat, oils, waxes Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

13. Enzymes are proteins which function to control the rate of chemical reactions. complex organic compounds made up of amino acids examples: muscles, hair, cartilage, nails contain C, O, H, N and usually S image credit: U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program, http://www.ornl.gov/TechResources/Human_Genome/graphics/slides/images/ras.gi f http://www.ornl.gov/TechResources/Human_Genome/graphics/slides/images/ras.gi f 3D protein structure N H H H O R C C O H

14. What is the monomer (subunit) for protein? What are the functions of protein? Name examples of proteins. amino acids Muscles for structure, hormones, enzymes which control all chemical reactions muscles, hair, cartilage, nails, enzymes Elements: Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

15. very large linear molecules examples: DNA and RNA contain C, H, N, O, P sugar phosphate nitroge n base nucleotide store genetic information, help to make proteins made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate and a N-base DNA molecule sugar phosphate nitrogen base

16. What is the monomer (subunit) for nucleic acids? What are the functions of nucleic acids? Nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base) store genetic information DNA, RNA What are examples of nucleic acid? What elements make up nucleic acids? C, H, N, O, P