1. Should Quebec be a part of Canada?

2. Potential Essay Questions
Describe major events associated with Quebec nationalism since World War Two.
Evaluate the development of French Canadian and English Canadian relations from throughout the period 1914 – 2000.
Describe the development of French Canadian and English Canadian relations from throughout the period 1914 – 2000.
textbook pages – , , , ,

3. WW1 Conscription Crisis
Wartime Services Act creates riots in Quebec
Soldiers not trained in French
WW1 seen as a British war not a Canadian or Canadien War
WW1 united Canada but created divisions between French and English because of Conscription
French accused of cowardice
English accused of blindly wanting war

4. Rise of the Union Nationale
Maurice Duplessis and the Union Nationale come to power in the Depression
Give Catholic Church money for Public Education
Support Canadien Culture
Not Separatist!
Offer Farm Credits
Protest Party

5. Conscription Crisis WW2
Mackenzie King has a plebiscite on conscription
English Canada in favour
French Canada largely opposed
Troops still largely trained in English
Frustration in Quebec but not as severe as WW1

6. The Great Darkness
The Union Nationale and Maurice Duplessis in the 1950’s
Sent orphans to insane asylums to get money from Federal Govt
AntiUnion - Banned strikes to keep wages low
Padlock Laws used to arrest those opposed to the Union Nationale
Suggested all opposed were Communists
Only ended when Duplessis died

7. The Quiet Revolution Duplessis died and Lesage took power
A time of great change in Quebec in the 1960s
Pubic Schools no longer Catholic
Major resources nationalized (Hydro)
A separation movement develops – Maitres chez nous – masters of our own house

8. Quebec Nationalism A sense of pride in Canadien Culture
Leads some to favour a separate Quebec
Others see Quebec as a part of Canada but as a Distinct Society

9. Front de Liberation du Quebecois
FLQ
A terrorist group using violence to try to have Quebec separate from Canada
Over 200 explosions during the 60’s and early 70’s

10. Bi and Bi Commission
Lester Pearson in charge during Quiet Revolution, he recognized potential crisis if Canadiens didn't’t feel at home in Canada
set up bilingualism and biculturalism commission
commission researched situation and recommended that Canada become officially bilingual

11. Bilingualism Official Languages Act
Canada had English as an official language only
Quebec was an ‘English’ province
Canada became officially bilingual
An effort to recognize our French heritage and to give rights to French Canadians

12. Bilingualism Debate
some loved it and many across Canada enrolled children in French Immersion
Westerners (BC) – felt French was being forced on them
Quebecers – wanted “special status” for Quebec in confederation

13. October Crisis FLQ kidnap James Cross (British Diplomat)
Trudeau responds with War Measures Act “just watch me”
Troops on streets in Ottawa and Quebec
Rights taken away
Pierre Laporte kidnapped and murdered in response
FLQ also demanded manifesto be published
Cross freed –
Kidnappers allowed to go to Cuba
1:15

14. Bill 22
French felt the official languages act – not far enough. Bourassa (premier) passed Bill 22
Language of services and business in Quebec was to be French
Public Schools to be French
Led to hundreds of thousands of English speaking Canadians leaving in Quebec

15. Parti Quebecois Elected
PQ is a Provincial Party that is in favour of Quebec separating from Canada
Premier was Rene Levesque

16. Parti Quebecois Elected
PQ is a Provincial Party that is in favour of Quebec separating from Canada
Premier was Rene Levesque

17. Bill 101 A Language law passed by the PQ Official Language of Quebec
Courts
Government Service
children of immigrants forced to attend Quebec schools
Outlawed English signs
Notwithstanding clause used in the future to allow this aspect of the law

18. Referendum – Sovereignty Association
1980 the PQ called for a referendum where Quebec would separate from Canada but still have economic ties
The referendum failed partly because Trudeau and the Federal Govt promised to bring home (repatriate) the Constitution and give Quebec a better place within Canada
only 40% of Quebecers voted “yes” this. #Fail

19. Quebec opposes Canada’s Constitution
In order to bring Canada’s Constitution home Trudeau makes a deal with all of the premiers but Quebec
The Kitchen Accord
Includes the Amending Formula – could only be changed if 7/10 provinces agreed with 50% of pop. this meant Quebec could be ignored if Ontario agreed.
Quebec not seen as a distinct society
Quebec does not ratify the Constitution
Flags flew at half mast when Constitution came back to Canada

20. The Meech Lake Accord
Brian Mulroney (new Conservative PM) tried to appease Quebec by amending the constitution with the Meech Lake Accord
Accord failed as Elijah Harper (First Nations) were opposed
Not included in negotiations
Failure resulted in the popularity of Quebec separatism and the creation of the separatist party – the Bloc Quebecois

21. Bloc Quebecois
New Political Party forms after the failure of Meech Lake
Bloc Quebecois is a Federal Party from Quebec in favour of a separate Quebec

22. The Charlottetown Accord - 1992
This Accord was the second attempt to amend Canada’s Constitution and gain Quebec’s support
Included First Nations in negotiations
Failed in a nationwide referendum after Trudeau and others voiced their opposition

23. Referendum on Separation - 1995
The second Referendum came after the failures to amend the Constitution at Meech Lake and Charlottetown
The vote was within a %
49.4% were in favour of leaving Canada
Referendum Failed

24. Quebec Today
Still a % would favour separation and the BQ and PQ are active
Most polls show that the question of separation is not one that Quebecers are interested in

25. Regionalism – National Energy Program (1980)
In an effort to ease the cost of oil and gas on Canadians the Trudeau Liberal Govt passed the NEP
Set the price of oil and gas below world prices
Extreme anger in Alberta
Some talked about creating a Western Canadian Alliance to leave the country

26. Regionalism – The Collapse of the Cod Fishery (1992)
Federal Govt halted the Cod fishery to try to save the fish stocks
Newfoundland’s economy and culture threatened
Many blamed govt for not managing the stock properly
Some called for separation

27. Hot Air Balloon Activity
October Crisis
1995 Quebec Referendum
Quebec Opposes
Constitution
Official Languages Act
Bill 101
Meech lake Accord
Significance to English and French relations in Canada. Most significant survives!