1. Ni-Cd Battery JAMES NELSON VISHNU BUDAMA

2. Electrochemistry

3. Characteristics Specific Energy40-60W-h/kg Specific Power150W/kg Charge/discharge efficiencyUp to 90% Self-discharge rate10% per month Nominal Voltage1.2V

4. Charging Characteristic

5. Discharge Characteristics

6. Other Characteristics

7. Rapid Discharge

8. Temperature Characteristic

9. Manufacturing and Construction Typical construction of a pocket plate NiCd battery with key components explained. [4] Typical construction of a jellyroll NiCd batter with key components labelled. [5]

10. Pocket Plate Design for Industrial Use Active material on the positive plate consists of nickel hydroxide [Ni(OH) 2 ] Active material on the negative plate is cadmium- hydroxide [Cd(OH) 2 ] Sintering process Separator typically made of plastic or fiber mat Electrolyte typically a 30% solution solution of potassium hydroxide [KOH] in distilled water Typical pocket plate design of a NiCd battery. [7 ]

11. SWOT Analysis Strengths High number of charge/discharge cycles Long shelf life – in any state of charge Lowest cost battery – in terms of cost per cycle Good load performance Can be discharged completely Forgiving if abused – one of the most rugged rechargeable batteries Weaknesses Hazardous material Memory effect Relatively high self- discharge rate Moderate energy density Electrolyte level needs to be maintained yearly

12. SWOT Analysis Opportunities Battery bank will have a long life if charged and discharged daily. Can accommodate the intermediacy of solar PV power without added hardware. Cost competitive battery when looking at the lifespan of the system. Battery bank is robust and be subjected to harsh conditions Threats Potential for human injury if cells are punctured. Charge controlled needs to be implemented with specific controls to negate the memory effect. Losses about 10% of charge in a month Takes up more space/ heavier when compared to a battery bank of other technology

14. References

15. Thank You! Questions?