1. AP Environmental Science Chapter 3 Terrestrial Ecology Continued

2. G. Energy and Matter Laws 1. Thermodynamics: 1 st law: Energy can not be created or destroyed. 2 nd law: When energy changes form there is a loss of usable energy.

3. 2. Law of Conservation of Matter: Matter is neither created nor destroyed but merely changed from one form to another.

4. H. Ecological Pyramids 1. Pyramid of energy flow  Ecological efficiency Heat 10 100 1,000 10,000 Usable energy Available at Each tropic level (in kilocalories) Producers(phytoplankton) Primary consumers (zooplankton) Secondary consumers (perch) Tertiary consumers (human) Decomposers Fig. 4-19, p. 78

5. Ecological Pyramids Fig. 4.22, p. 86 Abandoned Field Ocean Grassland (summer) Temperate Forest (summer) p. 92 2. Pyramid of biomass 3. Pyramid of numbers Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Primary consumers Producers Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Primary consumers Producers

7. I 1. Gross primary productivity (GPP) I 2. Net primary productivity (NPP) Estuaries Swamps and marshes Tropical rain forest Temperate forest Northern coniferous forest (taiga) Savanna Agricultural land Woodland and shrubland Temperate grassland Lakes and streams Continental shelf Open ocean Tundra (arctic and alpine) Desert scrub Extreme desert 8001,6002,4003,2004,0004,8005,6006,4007,2008,0008,8009,600 Average net primary productivity (kcal/m 2 /yr) Fig. 4-22, p. 80

8. Fig. 4-21, p. 79 Gross Primary Productivity

9. J. Nutrients: 1. Macronutrients  Chemicals organisms need in large numbers to live, grow, and reproduce.  Ex. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and iron.

10. J. 2. Micronutrients  These are needed in small or even trace amounts.  Ex. sodium, zinc, copper, chlorine, and iodine.

11. K. Matter Cycling in Ecosystems (Biogeochemical Cycles) 1. Hydrologic cycle (H 2 O) Atmospheric cycles 2. Carbon cycle (C) 3. Nitrogen cycle (N) Atmospheric cycles 2. Carbon cycle (C) 3. Nitrogen cycle (N) Sedimentary cycles 4. Sulfur cycle (S) 5. Phosphorus cycle (P) Sedimentary cycles 4. Sulfur cycle (S) 5. Phosphorus cycle (P)

12. 1. Hydrologic (Water) Cycle Precipitation to ocean Evaporation From ocean Surface runoff (rapid) Ocean storage Condensation Transpiration Rain clouds Infiltration and Percolation Transpiration from plants Groundwater movement (slow) Runoff Surface runoff (rapid) Precipitation Fig. 4-36, p. 81

13. 2. The Carbon Cycle (Terrestrial) photosynthesis aerobic respiration Terrestrial rocks Soil water (dissolved carbon) Land food webs producers, consumers, decomposers, detritivores Atmosphere (mainly carbon dioxide) Peat, fossil fuels combustion of wood (for clearing land; or for fuel deforestation volcanic action death, burial, compaction over geologic time leaching runoff weathering Fig. 4-24, p. 83

14. The Carbon Cycle (Aquatic) diffusion between atmosphere and ocean Carbon dioxide dissolved in ocean water Marine food webs producers, consumers, decomposers, detritivores Marine sediments, including formations with fossil fuels combustion of fossil fuels incorporation into sediments death, sedimentation uplifting over geologic time sedimentation photosynthesis aerobic respiration Fig. 4-24, p. 82

16. 3. Nitrogen Cycle  N 2, is 78% of troposphere (lower atmosphere)  Inert (chemically unreactive nitrogen), can’t be absorbed and used by multi-cellular plants & animals  Must be “fixed” or combined with H or O for plants to use. Lightning – N 2 + O 2  2NO Soil bacteria fix nitrogen – N 2 + 3H 2  2 NH 3 (ammonia)  Cyanobacteria – in soil and water  Rhizobium bacteria live in nodules on roots of leguminous plants Factories create fertilizer

17. nitrate ammonium nitrite

19. 4. Phosphorus cycle

20. Phosphorus Cycle

21. 5. Sulfur Cycle  A sedimentary cycle  Most stored in rocks and sediments  Originates from volcanoes and from anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in bogs, swamps, and tidal flats  Marine algae can produce DMS (dimethyl sulfide) which act as condensation nuclei, so affect cloud cover and climate  Acid rain contains sulfate salts or sulfuric acid

22. L. Ecological research 1. Field research – observations or manipulative experiments Relatively new technology: Remote sensing – from aircraft and satellites GIS – Geographic Information Systems  Combine layers of data to produce computerized maps of 1) forest cover, 2) water resources, 3) air pollution emissions, 4) changes in global temperature 2. Lab research Study model systems in controlled environment – test tubes, cultures, aquaria, greenhouses, etc.

23. M. Systems Analysis (modeling)  Mathematical and other models that simulate ecosystems  Helps to understand large and complex systems  5 stages (fig. 4-32 on p. 102)  Uses Project possible changes in environ. conditions Anticipate environmental surprises Analyze effect of various alternative solutions

24. N. Ecosystem Services  We depend on ecosystem services for food, water, air, and other things a. Fisheries b. Fresh Water c. Fertility of soils d. Fodder for livestock e. Forest products (fruit, coffee, honey, wood for building, etc.) Source: Nature Conservation, Summer 2006, p. 29

25. O. Ecosystem Sustainability Ecosystems are sustainable because they Recycle chemical nutrients Use renewable solar energy