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Classification and Taxonomy Honors Biology/ Ms. Kim

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1 Classification and Taxonomy Honors Biology/ Ms. Kim

2 copyright cmassengale
Species of Organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! New organisms are still being found and identified copyright cmassengale

3 What is Classification?
Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities Also known as taxonomy Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms

4 Benefits of Classifying
Classifying organisms makes naming organisms more accurate & uniform Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names Sea”horse”??

5 Early Taxonomists 2000 years ago, Aristotle was the 1st taxonomist
Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals He subdivided them by their habitat ---land, sea, or air dwellers

6 John Ray, a botanist, was the 1st to use Latin for naming
His names were very long descriptions telling everything about the plant

7 Classified organisms by their structure
Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – 1778 Classified organisms by their structure Developed naming system still used today Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Two-word name (Genus & species)

8 Binomial nomenclature used Genus species Latin or Greek
Standardized Naming Binomial nomenclature used Genus species Latin or Greek Italicized in print Capitalize genus, but NOT species Underline when writing Example: In print (typed):Homo sapiens In writing: Homo sapiens Turdus migratorius American Robin

9 Classification Groups
Taxon ( taxa-plural) a category into which related organisms are placed There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific Domain  Kingdom  Phylum  Class  Order  Family Genus  species

10 Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species NEWEST and BROADEST TAXON Least Specific (most inclusive) Genus and species are the two names used to identify specific organisms in the binomial system of classification. Division is used for plants. Most Specific (least inclusive) DID KING PHILIP COME OVER FOR GOOD SPAGHETTI?

11 Did King Phillip Come Over For Good Spaghetti?

12 copyright cmassengale

13 Broadest, most inclusive taxon Archaea and Eubacteria
3 Domains Broadest, most inclusive taxon Archaea and Eubacteria unicellular prokaryotes no nucleus Few organelles Eukarya more complex have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

14 ARCHAEA Domain Contains Archeabacteria Kingdom
Thought to be 1st cells to evolve Live in HARSH environments (called extremophiles) Ex: 1st chemoautotrophs on Earth 4 TYPES : Methanogens Sewage Treatment Plants & bogs called Use CH4 not O2 (make CH4 too-METHANE) Thermophiles Thermal, Volcanic Vents, or hydrothermal oceanic floor vents (live at extremely hot temperature) Halophiles Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid Live in very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake) Psychrophiles Those that live at unusually cold temperatures.

15 EUBACTERIA Domain Contains Eubacteria Kingdom
Some may cause DISEASE some are HELPFUL Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones Important decomposers for environment Commercially important in making cottage cheese, sour cream, cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc.

16 EUKARYA Domain Includes all eukaryotic organisms Have nucleus
Have membrane bound organelles Have introns and histones Have linear chromosomes (2+)

17 After domains  KINGDOMS
All living organisms are divided into6 kingdoms. Until recently, there were 5 Kingdoms  now 6 Scientists decided to divide the MONERA (prokaryotes) into 2 categories: Archeabacteria and Eubacteria

18 Domain Eukarya is Divided into 4 Kingdoms
Protista (mostly unicellular, some multicellular) Fungi (mostly multicellular, one multicellular) Plantae (multicellular plants) Animalia (multicellular animals) RECALL: What are the other 2 kingdoms??? 5. Archaebacteria in Archae Domain 6. Eubacteria in Eubacteria Domain BOTH 5 and 6 are PROKARYOTIC DOMAINS!!!

19 copyright cmassengale
Protista Most are unicellular Some are multicellular Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic Aquatic copyright cmassengale

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Fungi Multicellular, except yeast Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Cell walls made of chitin copyright cmassengale

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Plantae Multicellular Autotrophic Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Cell walls made of cellulose Growth, with increases in size and number of cells, is part of development. Development involves many stages from conception until death. copyright cmassengale

22 copyright cmassengale
Animalia Multicellular Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on plants or animals copyright cmassengale

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24 copyright cmassengale
Cladogram Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales copyright cmassengale

25 How did Eukaryotes Evolve? Endosymbiosis occurred!!!

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