1. Anatomy-The structure Physiology – How it works A. Gross – Collective (whole) B. Microscopic anatomy 1. Cytology - cellular 2. Histology – study of tissue I. Anatomy

2. C. Levels of biological organization 1. chemical level 2. cellular level 2. cellular level 3. tissue level – mass of cells performing a similar function 4. Organ – two or more tissues 5. System – several organs 6. Organism – all systems

3. D. Life Processes 1. Metabolism – sum of all chemical processes a. Catabolism – breakdown of complex molecules into simple molecules b. Anabolism – use of energy from catabolism to build vital structures, functional parts 2. Excitability – ability to respond

4. 3. Conductivity – ability to transfer an impulse from one cell to another 4. Contractility – ability to generate a force resulting in shortening 5. Growth – increase in size

5. 6. Differentiation – unspecialized cells become specialized 7. Reproduction – formation of new cells for growth, replacement or production of a new individual http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm

6. E. Systematic Anatomy 1. Integumentary - skin 2. Skeletal – bones, cartilage and joints 3. Muscular – muscles and tendons 4. Nervous – brain, spinal nerves, sensory nerves, sensory organs 5. Endocrine – glands and tissue that secrete hormones http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://w ww.udel.edu/biology/Wags/histopage/color page/cin/skin.GIF&imgrefurl=http://www.u del.edu/biology/Wags/histopage/colorpage/ cin/cin.htm&h=640&w=480&sz=64&hl=en &start http://images.google.com/imgres?im gurl=http://bp0.blogger.com/_voA4L I_mxzE/R1TJ7GU6UAI/AAAAAAAAAG Y/rYPbbwF2_vA/s320/Muscular_Syst em.jpg&img http://images.google.com/imgres?im gurl=http://bp0.blogger.com/_voA4L I_mxzE/R1TJ7GU6UAI/AAAAAAAAAG Y/rYPbbwF2_vA/s320/Muscular_Syst em.jpg&img http://www.chirosolutions.c om.au/images/ANS.gif http://www.chirosolutions.c om.au/images/ANS.gif http://www.massgeneral.org/cancer/ crr/types/endocrine/images/ENDOCR INE_Front.jpg http://www.massgeneral.org/cancer/ crr/types/endocrine/images/ENDOCR INE_Front.jpg

7. 7. Respiratory – lungs and pathways 8. Reproductive – organs that produce gametes and the organs that nourish/transfer them 9. Digestive – Gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs 10. Urinary –kidneys, bladder, urethra – production and elimination of waste 11. Lymphatic – organs and tissue of the white blood cells - immunity 6. Cardiovascular – blood, heart and vessels 6. Cardiovascular – blood, heart and vessels http://archimede.bibl.ulaval.ca/archim ede/files/e8ebe68d-1ee7-4e8e-b018- 852786824b4d/23201000.jpg http://archimede.bibl.ulaval.ca/archim ede/files/e8ebe68d-1ee7-4e8e-b018- 852786824b4d/23201000.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikip edia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Respi ratory_system_complete_en.svg/ 528px- Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikip edia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Respi ratory_system_complete_en.svg/ 528px- Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg.png http://images.google.com/imag es?um=1&hl=en&safe=active&r ls=GGLD,GGLD:2005- 32,GGLD:en&q=urogenital+syst em&start=20&sa=N&ndsp=20 http://images.google.com/imag es?um=1&hl=en&safe=active&r ls=GGLD,GGLD:2005- 32,GGLD:en&q=urogenital+syst em&start=20&sa=N&ndsp=20 http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/her brandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f24- 1_lymphatic_system_c.jpg http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/her brandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f24- 1_lymphatic_system_c.jpg

8. II. Anatomic Terminology A. Anatomic position 1. Planes and sections a. Sagittal plane – divides into right and left parasagittal – unequal, offset from the midline parasagittal – unequal, offset from the midline Midsagittal – equal, down the midline b. Frontal (coronal) – divides into anterior and posterior c. Transverse (horizontal or cross) – divides into superior and inferior d. Oblique - diagonal

10. B. Directional terms 1. Anterior 2. Posterior 3. Ventral 4. Dorsal 5. Superior 6. Inferior 7. Proximal 8. Distal 9. Medial 10. Lateral 11. Superficial 12. Deep

11. III. Body Cavities A. Dorsal – near back, posterior 1. Cranial - skull 2. Spinal – cavity within vertebrae containing spinal card B. Ventral – anterior, divided by diaphragm into: 1. Thoracic – chest cavity a. Pleural – 2, one for each lung b. Pericardial – surrounding the heart c. Mediastinum – all structures in thoracic except the lungs (heart, attached large arteries & veins, thymus, trachea, esophagus

13. b. Quadrants – four, used in medicine a. Organs – digestive and reproductive 2. Abdominopelvic – lower portion, abdominal and pelvic, between diaphragm and pelvis, lined with peritoneum

14. 3. Hypogastric 4. Inguinal – right and left 5. Lumbar – right and left 6. Hypochondral – right and left 2. Epigastric 1. Umbilical c. Regions – anatomy uses nine (pg.18)

15. Anatomic Regions

16. IV. Homeostasis – condition in which balance is maintained in the body’s internal environment (remains within certain physiological limits) A. Composition – interstitial fluid 1. Gases - O 2 and CO 2 2. Nutrients – blood sugar, lipids, amino acids 3. Electrolytes – pH, Na + and Cl -

17. B. Stress – stimulus that creates an imbalance (most are mild) 1. External - heat, cold, lack of oxygen 2. Internal – high blood pressure, tumors, unpleasant thoughts 3. Extreme – poisons, sugar, over exposure to heat C. Control – nervous and endocrine systems 1. Nervous – detects and sends messages to counteract 2. Endocrine – sends hormones

18. D. Feedback – information is monitored and feedback given to the central control region. 2. Control center – determines controlled condition 1. Receptor – sends input to control center 3. Effector – sends response