1. Gasificación de resíduos agricolas Electo Eduardo Silva Lora Universidade Federal de Itajubá MINIFORUM CYTED

2. GASIFICATION

3. CONCEPT Conversion BIOMASS  GASEOUS FUEL (CO, H2, CH4) HIGH TEMPERATURE In sub-stoichiometric conditions

5. FACTOR INFLUENCING THE GASIFIER OPERATION AND OBTAINED GAS QUALITY FACTOR INFLUENCING THE GASIFIER OPERATION AND OBTAINED GAS QUALITY. 5 Biomass characteristics ElementaL composition Heating value Size Distribution Moisture Gasification fluid Air Oxygen Steam ER REACTOR temperature Flow and velocity of the gasification fluid Biomass flow Operation pressure

8. STUDY ON SEWAGE SLUDGE GASIFICATION Hajime Takahashi INDIRECT OF ALLOTHERMAL GASIFIER

9. Gasification applications: Electricity generation using engines

10. Combustion in boilers

12. Gasifiers coupled to internal combustion engines: Experience and related problems

14. Influence parameters in ICE fuelled with producer gas Energy density or heating value of the producer gas/air mixture, Displacement volume of the engine, Methane or octane number of the fuel and flame speed of the fuel/air mixture, autoignition delay time, Compression ratio of the engine (factors directly associated with the knock tendency), Spark timing, that have a significant influence on the performance of the RICE.

16. Compression ratio of the engine (factors directly associated with the knock tendency), The engine operation is found to be smooth at compression ratio of 17 without any evidence of knock when is fuelled with a producer gas with 19 ± 1% H 2 ; 19 ± 1% CO; 2% CH 4 ; 12 ± 1% CO 2 ; 2 ± 0:5% H 2 O and rest, N 2 (Sridhar et al. [17] )

17. Spark timing - influence on the performance of the ICE. According to Sridhar [40] the considerably hydrogen concentration in the producer gas makes necessary lower advancement (retarding) in the spark timing for a better performance of the engine when operating with producer gas, that is, spark ignition nearest to the top dead center. This makes sense when it is considering the significance hydrogen concentration (20%) in the producer gas and its higher flame speed (2.7 m/s at ambient conditions [58]). In addition to the flame speed, spark timing also depends on other variables such as load and the rotational engine speed among others.

18. Main gasifier manufacturers

19. Succesfully projects in small scale biomass gasification in 1980-1990 - Open top gasifier of the Indian Institute of Science. Efficiency 80%. Gas LHV 4,7 MJ/Nm3 and tar /particulate content 50 / 80 mg/Nm3. - Comercial chinese rice husk gasifier, Specific fuel consumption 3,75 – 4,0 kg /kWh, reprted data in the range 2,0 – 2,5 kg/kWh.

20. EQTEC gasifier Bubbling fluidized bed

23. Karlovo facility in Bulgaria GE/EQTEC General Electric is to supply a three fuel flexible Jenbacher engines to a 5 MW organic waste to energy combined heat and power facility. One J612 and two J620 units which will be powered by syngas derived from straw and wood chip waste. A typical Rankine thermal cycle-based plant -electrical efficiency of 18% to 20% from converting biomass to electricity compared to using GE’s Jenbacher gas engines that offer approximately 28% electrical efficiency and almost 70% total combined heat and power efficiency.

24. ANKUR GASIFIERS

26. GASIFIER/ENGINE SET FROM XYLOWATT Source: Laborelec, 2004 Gas LCV – 5,2 MJ/m3 CO – 25 % H2 -14 % CH4 -2 % Gasifier efficiency – 70-80 % Electric Power XW 300- 300-350 kWe XW 900 – 900-1050 kWe Electric efficiency – 25 %

27. XYLOWATT GASIFIERS

30. Gasification Projects all over the world

31. GASEIFICADOR ENAMORA GUASCOR BIOENERGIA

34. Gaseificadores alotérmicos Planta de Gussing, Áustria

41. Nexterra and GE plants