1. Present perfect vs.past simple Mgr. Ema Jarošová

2. Present perfect we use for  Single or repeated actions that happened at an unspecified time in the past. I´ve seen the film but I haven´t read the book.  We often use expressions of frequency: ever, never, often, once/twice/ several times.

3.  Recently completed single actions, when the result of the action is important in the present. I´ve broken my leg. (I can´t walk) o We often use just, already (=sooner than expected), and yet (up to now) for emphasis. The taxi has just arrived. o We can also use recently (a short time ago) Have you spoken to them recently?

4.  With for and since to talk about states, events or actions that began in past and continue up to now. We´ve known each other since 1997/ for years.  To talk about an unfinished time period, we use present perfect. Have you been busy this morning? (It´s still morning)

5. Past simple we use for  Finished events or actions that happened at a definite time in the past. We use expressions like yesterday, last week/month/year, ago.  For completed past actions which does not affect the present. Compare: Have you had a good holiday (You´ve just returned) Did you have a good holiday? (you returned some time before the question)