1. The Focus and Epicenter of an Earthquake The point within Earth where rock under stress breaks is called the focus The point directly above the focus on the surface is the epicenter

2.  Vibrations that travel through Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake  Energy starts at the focus and moves outward  Two types:  Body waves  P and S  Surface waves

3.  Body waves  P or primary/pressure waves  fastest waves  travel through solids, liquids, or gases  Waves compress and expand like an accordian  S or secondary/shear waves  slower than P waves  travel through solids only  Move up and down as well as side to side Undisturbed Material P Waves S Waves

4.  Surface Waves  Travel just below or along the ground’s surface  Slower than body waves  Surface waves are the most damaging and are especially damaging to buildings. R waves L waves R waves L waves

5. Seismographs record earthquake events

6. Seismic wave behavior  P waves arrive first, then S waves, then surface waves  Average speeds for all these waves is known  After an earthquake, the difference in arrival times at a seismograph station can be used to calculate the distance from the seismograph to the epicenter.

7. ~80% of all earthquakes occur in the circum-Pacific belt ~15% occur in the Mediterranean-Asiatic belt ~remaining 5% occur in the interiors of plates and on spreading ridge centers  more than 150,000 quakes strong enough to be felt are recorded each year

8. Surface focus epicenter A B Which seismic Station will Receive the Wave first? A or B The Focus and Epicenter of an Earthquake The point within Earth where rock under stress breaks is called the Focus The point directly above the focus on the surface is the Epicenter.

9. You must have three different seismographs at three different Locations - then you can pinpoint the different times each picked up the earthquake wave. A scientist will do this in a lab. Surface focus epicenter A B

10.  Three seismograph stations are needed to locate the epicenter of an earthquake  A circle where the radius equals the distance to the epicenter is drawn  The intersection of the circles locates the epicenter

11. Time-distance graph shows the average travel times for P- and S-waves. The farther away a seismograph is from the focus of an earthquake, the longer the interval between the arrivals of the P- and S- waves

12.  Magnitude: the measurement of earthquake strength based on seismic waves and movement along faults

13.  Mercalli Scale measures the intensity of an earthquake  Richter Scale is a rating of the size of seismic waves  Moment Magnitude Scale estimates the total energy released by an earthquake

16. Damage in Oakland, CA, 1989 Building collapse Fire Tsunami Ground failure

17.  Ground Shaking  The earthquake’s amplitude, how long it lasts, and damage increases in poorly consolidated rocks

18.  Local soil conditions: loose soil shakes more violently than the surrounding rock (house built on solid rock will shake less than a house build on sandy soil)  Liquefaction: earthquakes violent shaking suddenly turns loose soil into liquid mud  Aftershocks: buildings weakened by an earthquake may collapse during aftershocks  Tsunamis: earthquakes on the ocean floor cause large waves that can grow to the height of a six story building

19.  Forecasting when and where earthquakes will occur and their strength is difficult.  One way seismologist forecast earthquakes in a place is to observe their past strength and frequency.

20.  Earthquake hazard is a measurement of how likely an area is to have damaging earthquakes in the future. An area’s earthquake-hazard level is determined by past and present seismic activity.

21.  A seismic gap is an area along a fault where relatively few earthquakes have occurred recently but where strong earthquakes are known to have occurred in the past. Ex: California The gap hypothesis states that sections of active faults that have had relatively few earthquakes are likely to be the sites of strong earthquakes in the future.