1. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Anatomy & Physiology SEVENTH EDITION Elaine N. Marieb Katja Hoehn PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Vince Austin, Bluegrass Technical and Community College C H A P T E R 8 Joints P A R T B

2. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plane Joint  Plane joints  Articular surfaces are essentially flat  Allow only slipping or gliding movements  Only examples of nonaxial joints Figure 8.7a

3. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Synovial Joints  Hinge joints  Cylindrical projections of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another  Motion is along a single plane  Uniaxial joints permit flexion and extension only  Examples: elbow and interphalangeal joints

4. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hinge Joints Figure 8.7b

5. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pivot Joints  Rounded end of one bone protrudes into a “sleeve,” or ring, composed of bone (and possibly ligaments) of another  Only uniaxial movement allowed  Examples: joint between the axis and the dens, and the proximal radioulnar joint

6. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pivot Joints Figure 8.7c

7. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Condyloid or Ellipsoidal Joints  Oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary depression in another  Both articular surfaces are oval  Biaxial joints permit all angular motions  Examples: radiocarpal (wrist) joints, and metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints

8. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Condyloid or Ellipsoidal Joints Figure 8.7d

9. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Saddle Joints  Similar to condyloid joints but allow greater movement  Each articular surface has both a concave and a convex surface  Example: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

10. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Saddle Joints Figure 8.7e

11. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ball-and-Socket Joints  A spherical or hemispherical head of one bone articulates with a cuplike socket of another  Multiaxial joints permit the most freely moving synovial joints  Examples: shoulder and hip joints

12. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ball-and-Socket Joints Figure 8.7f

13. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints: Knee  Largest and most complex joint of the body  Allows flexion, extension, and some rotation  Three joints in one surrounded by a single joint cavity  Femoropatellar joint  Lateral and medial tibiofemoral joints

14. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints: Knee Ligaments and Tendons – Anterior View  Tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle  Lateral and medial patellar retinacula  Fibular and tibial collateral ligaments  Patellar ligament Figure 8.8c

15. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints: Knee – Other Supporting Structures  Anterior cruciate ligament  Posterior cruciate ligament  Medial meniscus (semilunar cartilage)  Lateral meniscus

16. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints: Knee – Other Supporting Structures Figure 8.8b

17. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints: Knee – Posterior Superficial View  Adductor magnus tendon  Articular capsule  Oblique popliteal ligament  Arcuate popliteal ligament  Semimembranosus tendon Figure 8.8e

18. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints: Shoulder (Glenohumeral)  Ball-and-socket joint in which stability is sacrificed to obtain greater freedom of movement  Head of humerus articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula

19. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints: Elbow  Hinge joint that allows flexion and extension only  Radius and ulna articulate with the humerus

20. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints: Elbow  Annular ligament  Ulnar collateral ligament  Radial collateral ligament Figure 8.10a

21. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints: Elbow Figure 8.10b

22. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints: Elbow Figure 8.10d

23. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints: Shoulder Stability  Weak stability is maintained by:  Thin, loose joint capsule  Four ligaments – coracohumeral, and three glenohumeral  Tendon of the long head of biceps, which travels through the intertubercular groove and secures the humerus to the glenoid cavity  Rotator cuff (four tendons) that encircles the shoulder joint and blends with the articular capsule

24. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints: Shoulder Stability Figure 8.11a

25. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints: Shoulder Stability Figure 8.11b

26. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints: Hip (Coxal) Joint  Ball-and-socket joint  Head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum  Good range of motion, but limited by the deep socket and strong ligaments

27. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints: Hip Stability  Acetabular labrum  Iliofemoral ligament  Pubofemoral ligament  Ischiofemoral ligament  Ligamentum teres Figure 8.12a

28. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints: Hip Stability Figure 8.12c, d

29. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)  Mandibular condyle articulate with the temporal bone  Two types of movement  Hinge – depression and elevation of mandible  Side to side – (lateral excursion) grinding of teeth

30. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Temporomandibular Joint Figure 8.13a, b

31. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sprains  The ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn  Partially torn ligaments slowly repair themselves  Completely torn ligaments require prompt surgical repair

32. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cartilage Injuries  The snap and pop of overstressed cartilage  Common aerobics injury  Repaired with arthroscopic surgery

33. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dislocations  Occur when bones are forced out of alignment  Usually accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and joint immobilization  Caused by serious falls and are common sports injuries  Subluxation – partial dislocation of a joint

34. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions  Bursitis  An inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by a blow or friction  Symptoms are pain and swelling  Treated with anti-inflammatory drugs; excessive fluid may be aspirated

35. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions  Tendonitis  Inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse  Symptoms and treatment are similar to bursitis

36. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Arthritis  More than 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage the joints  Most widespread crippling disease in the U.S.  Symptoms – pain, stiffness, and swelling of a joint  Acute forms are caused by bacteria and are treated with antibiotics  Chronic forms include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis

37. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Osteoarthritis (OA)  Most common chronic arthritis; often called “wear-and-tear” arthritis  Affects women more than men  85% of all Americans develop OA  More prevalent in the aged, and is probably related to the normal aging process

38. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Osteoarthritis: Course  OA reflects the years of abrasion and compression causing increased production of metalloproteinase enzymes that break down cartilage  As one ages, cartilage is destroyed more quickly than it is replaced  The exposed bone ends thicken, enlarge, form bone spurs, and restrict movement  Joints most affected are the cervical and lumbar spine, fingers, knuckles, knees, and hips

39. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Osteoarthritis: Treatments  OA is slow and irreversible  Treatments include:  Mild pain relievers, along with moderate activity  Magnetic therapy  Glucosamine sulfate decreases pain and inflammation

40. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)  Chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of unknown cause, with an insidious onset  Usually arises between the ages of 40 to 50, but may occur at any age  Signs and symptoms include joint tenderness, anemia, osteoporosis, muscle atrophy, and cardiovascular problems  The course of RA is marked with exacerbations and remissions

41. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Rheumatoid Arthritis: Course  RA begins with synovitis of the affected joint  Inflammatory chemicals are inappropriately released  Inflammatory blood cells migrate to the joint, causing swelling

42. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Rheumatoid Arthritis: Course  Inflamed synovial membrane thickens into a pannus  Pannus erodes cartilage, scar tissue forms, articulating bone ends connect  The end result, ankylosis, produces bent, deformed fingers

43. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Rheumatoid Arthritis: Treatment  Conservative therapy – aspirin, long-term use of antibiotics, and physical therapy  Progressive treatment – anti-inflammatory drugs or immunosuppressants  The drug Enbrel, a biological response modifier, neutralizes the harmful properties of inflammatory chemicals

44. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gouty Arthritis  Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by an inflammation response  Typically, gouty arthritis affects the joint at the base of the great toe  In untreated gouty arthritis, the bone ends fuse and immobilize the joint  Treatment – colchicine, nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs, and glucocorticoids

45. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Developmental Aspects of Joints  By embryonic week 8, synovial joints resemble adult joints  Few problems occur until late middle age  Advancing years take their toll on joints:  Ligaments and tendons shorten and weaken  Intervertebral discs become more likely to herniate  Most people in their 70s have some degree of OA

46. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Developmental Aspects of Joints  Prudent exercise (especially swimming) that coaxes joints through their full range of motion is key to postponing joint problems