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4. Attribution Social Perception Attitudes Prejudice Social Cognition Social Psychology > Social Cognition Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/sociology?campaign_content=book_5889_section_140&campaign_term=Sociology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_mediu m=direct&utm_source=boundless

5. Attribution theory is an umbrella term for various models that attempt to explain the processes by which individuals explain, or attribute, the causes of behavior and events. Attributions are classified as either internal or external. Internal attributions include dispositional or personality-based explanations, while external attributions include situational factors. Individuals are susceptible to bias and error when making attributions about themselves and others. A few examples of this include the fundamental attribution error, cultural bias, and the self-serving bias. The fundamental attribution error describes the tendency to over-value personality-based explanations and under-value situational explanations for another person's behavior. The self-serving bias refers to the tendency to attribute internal factors for success and external factors for failure, particularly when explaining one's own behaviors. People from individualist cultures are more inclined to make the fundamental attribution error and demonstrate the self-serving bias than people from collectivist cultures. Attribution Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/alternative-to-sociology-a-down-to-earth-approach-11th-james-m-henslin-0205096549- 9780205096541/social-psychology-21/social-cognition-140/attribution-764- 12924?campaign_content=book_5889_section_140&campaign_term=Sociology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=b oundless The Fundamental Attribution Error and Driving View on Boundless.com Social Psychology > Social Cognition

6. Social perception is processed through social cognition, a thought process used to understand and interpret social interactions. It is related to the social cognitions of attention, or concentration on specifics of the environment, and attribution, or explaining behavior. Social perception refers to the first stages in which people process information in order to determine another individual or group of individual's mind-set and intentions. Implicit personality theory states that if an individual observes certain traits in another person, he or she tends to assume that the other person's other personality traits are concurrent with the initial trait. Social comparison theory states that individuals evaluate their own opinions and abilities by comparing themselves to others in order to reduce uncertainty in these domains and learn how to define the self. Theory of mind refers to an individual's understanding of other's mental states, such as beliefs, desires, and knowledge, to allow an individual to make inferences about other's thoughts, motivations, and emotions. Social Perception Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/alternative-to-sociology-a-down-to-earth-approach-11th-james-m-henslin-0205096549- 9780205096541/social-psychology-21/social-cognition-140/social-perception-765- 12925?campaign_content=book_5889_section_140&campaign_term=Sociology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=b oundless Social Perceptions View on Boundless.com Social Psychology > Social Cognition

7. Psychologists believe that there are both explicit, or deliberately formed, attitudes and implicit, or subconscious attitudes. People are generally unaware of their implicit attitudes, while explicit attitudes are deliberately formed attitudes that an individual is aware of having. Attitudes serves a variety of functions including utilitarian, knowledge, ego- defensive, and value-expression functions. There are several factors that affect attitude formation. These include personal experience, observation, and persuasion. Cognitive dissonance describes the process of either attitude or behavior change that takes place when one's actions and beliefs do not fit together, causing dissonance. Cognitive dissonance typically results in either a change of attitude or behavior. It is unclear if attitude results in behavior, or behavior affects attitude, and it is likely that both are true in various cases. Attitude influences behavior when one reflects upon their attitudes before acting; behavior affects attitude through new experiences that refine previous attitudes. Attitudes Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/alternative-to-sociology-a-down-to-earth-approach-11th-james-m-henslin-0205096549- 9780205096541/social-psychology-21/social-cognition-140/attitudes-766- 12926?campaign_content=book_5889_section_140&campaign_term=Sociology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=b oundless Cognitive Dissonance View on Boundless.com Social Psychology > Social Cognition

8. Prejudice refers to preconceived, usually unfavorable, judgments toward people based on their gender, social class, age, disability, religion, sexuality or other personal characteristics. Prejudice is a belief and not a behavior; although prejudice may lead to discrimination, the two are separate concepts. Researchers have found that ingroup favoritism, or preference for members of the group one belongs to, can occur even when the group had no prior social meaning. The outgroup homogeneity effect is the perception that members of an outgroup are more similar, mentally or physically, than members of the ingroup. Social dominance theory states that society can be viewed as group-based hierarchies. When in competition for scarce resources such as housing or employment, dominant groups create prejudiced "legitimizing myths" to provide moral and intellectual justification for their dominant position. Intergroup contact reduces prejudice by (1) enhancing knowledge about the outgroup, (2) reducing anxiety about intergroup contact, and (3) increasing empathy and perspective taking. Prejudice Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/alternative-to-sociology-a-down-to-earth-approach-11th-james-m-henslin-0205096549- 9780205096541/social-psychology-21/social-cognition-140/prejudice-767- 12927?campaign_content=book_5889_section_140&campaign_term=Sociology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=b oundless Prejudice and Propaganda View on Boundless.com Social Psychology > Social Cognition

9. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Appendix

10. Key terms attitude a positive or negative evaluation of people, objects, events, or ideas in one's environment attribution The processes by which individuals explain the causes of behavior and events. cognitive dissonance A conflict or anxiety resulting from inconsistencies between one's beliefs and one's actions or other beliefs. fundamental attribution error The tendency to over-value dispositional or personality-based explanations and under-value situational explanations for another person's behavior. heuristic Experience-based techniques for problem solving, learning, and discovery that give a solution which is not guaranteed to be optimal. ingroup the social group that one belongs to outgroup the group of people who do not belong to one's own social group overt Open and not secret nor concealed. prejudice An adverse judgment or opinion formed beforehand or without knowledge of the person or facts social cognition the encoding, storage, retrieval, and processing of social information in the brain social perception the part of perception that allows people to understand others in their social world and that allow an individual to make inferences and predictions about others' personalites and behaviors Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Social Psychology

11. The Fundamental Attribution Error and Driving The Fundamental Attribution Error explains why when someone cuts us off we assume he or she is bad natured, but when we cut someone off it is because the situation required it. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Stop Light at Towanda Avenue and College Avenue in Normal Illinois." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stop_Light_at_Towanda_Avenue_and_College_Avenue_in_Normal_Illinois.JPG View on Boundless.comCC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stop_Light_at_Towanda_Avenue_and_College_Avenue_in_Normal_Illinois.JPGView on Boundless.com Social Psychology

12. Cognitive Dissonance If a snake-oil salesman knew his product was a sham, but continued to sell the product, he may experience cognitive dissonance or discomfort because his beliefs and behaviors did not line up. He may either stop selling snake oil or change his belief about the product to alleviate this. If selling snake oil is very lucrative, this factor might influence him to change his belief rather than behavior. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Snake-oil." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snake-oil.png View on Boundless.comPublic domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snake-oil.pngView on Boundless.com Social Psychology

13. Social Perceptions While the most simplistic view of social perceptions involves one individual's perception of another, it can also refer to an individual's perception of a group, a group's perception of an individual, or a group's perception of another group. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikibooks. "Soc-psy diagram." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Soc-psy_diagram.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Soc-psy_diagram.jpgView on Boundless.com Social Psychology

14. Prejudice and Propaganda Elements of prejudice can often be seen on propaganda. This image emphasizes the individuality of the ingroup (America) and the homogeneity of the outgroup (Slavik communists) demonstrating the principle of outgroup homogeneity. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "American anticommunism." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:American_anticommunism.jpg View on Boundless.comPublic domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:American_anticommunism.jpgView on Boundless.com Social Psychology

15. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Social Psychology Dylan's sister makes a rude comment at dinner, and Dylan assumes she must be in a bad mood. This is known to social psychologists as ______. A) an explanatory attribution. B) an interpersonal attribution. C) the fundamental attribution error. D) actor/observer difference.

16. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Social Psychology Dylan's sister makes a rude comment at dinner, and Dylan assumes she must be in a bad mood. This is known to social psychologists as ______. A) an explanatory attribution. B) an interpersonal attribution. C) the fundamental attribution error. D) actor/observer difference.

17. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Social Psychology Why might the fundamental attribution error occur? A) A person takes into account behavior and then adjusts the judgment based on external factors; however the adjustment is not be enough. B) All of the answers C) The perceiver lacks adequate background information about the situation as it is difficult for a perceiver to see all factors involved. D) It may be a mental shortcut used to process complex information.

18. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Saylor OER. "Psychology « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Psychology/CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Psychology/ Social Psychology Why might the fundamental attribution error occur? A) A person takes into account behavior and then adjusts the judgment based on external factors; however the adjustment is not be enough. B) All of the answers C) The perceiver lacks adequate background information about the situation as it is difficult for a perceiver to see all factors involved. D) It may be a mental shortcut used to process complex information.

19. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Social Psychology Which of the following describes social perception? A) The causes underlying an individual's state of mind. B) A kind of perception that allows one to interpret and understand social and non-verbal cues. C) Concentration on a specific element of the environment. D) Creating mental maps to gradually form an idea of an individual's character.

20. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Social Psychology Which of the following describes social perception? A) The causes underlying an individual's state of mind. B) A kind of perception that allows one to interpret and understand social and non-verbal cues. C) Concentration on a specific element of the environment. D) Creating mental maps to gradually form an idea of an individual's character.

21. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Social Psychology "Learned habits for responding to social stimuli" is the definition for which concept? A) Attitude B) Prejudice C) Discrimination D) Affiliation

22. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Saylor OER. "Psychology « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Psychology/CC BY 3.0http://www.saylor.org/majors/Psychology/ Social Psychology "Learned habits for responding to social stimuli" is the definition for which concept? A) Attitude B) Prejudice C) Discrimination D) Affiliation

23. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Social Psychology The term "fake it 'til you make it" is often used to encourage those suffering from depression to engage in meaningful activities, even when they don't have the energy to. What concept does this phrase most accurately describe? A) the ability of our attitude to influence our behavior B) the frequently changing nature of our attitudes C) none of these answers D) the ability of our behavior to influence our attitude

24. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Social Psychology The term "fake it 'til you make it" is often used to encourage those suffering from depression to engage in meaningful activities, even when they don't have the energy to. What concept does this phrase most accurately describe? A) the ability of our attitude to influence our behavior B) the frequently changing nature of our attitudes C) none of these answers D) the ability of our behavior to influence our attitude

25. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Social Psychology Which of the following statements is an example of an implicit attitude? A) I don't like squash. B) I prefer spring over summer because summer becomes too dry. C) Even though the economy isn't great right now, I'm still hopeful I'll find a job when I graduate. D) none of these answers

26. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Social Psychology Which of the following statements is an example of an implicit attitude? A) I don't like squash. B) I prefer spring over summer because summer becomes too dry. C) Even though the economy isn't great right now, I'm still hopeful I'll find a job when I graduate. D) none of these answers

27. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Social Psychology Attitudes that are unacknowledged or outside of one's conscious level of awareness are known as _______. A) implicit attitudes B) explicit attitudes C) attitude objects D) negative attitudes

28. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Social Psychology Attitudes that are unacknowledged or outside of one's conscious level of awareness are known as _______. A) implicit attitudes B) explicit attitudes C) attitude objects D) negative attitudes

29. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Social Psychology Jennifer sticks with the people she knows from her homeroom in school, even though she has classes with other students. This is an example of what? A) Outgroup homogeneity B) Social dominance theory C) Realistic conflict theory D) Ingroup favoritism

30. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Social Psychology Jennifer sticks with the people she knows from her homeroom in school, even though she has classes with other students. This is an example of what? A) Outgroup homogeneity B) Social dominance theory C) Realistic conflict theory D) Ingroup favoritism

31. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Social Psychology Which of the following is the best definition of prejudice? A) Prejudice is the act of stereotyping someone. B) Prejudice is a behavior, similar to discrimination. C) Prejudice is the result of biological differences among people. D) Prejudice is a negative opinion or attitude held by someone about the members of a particular group.

32. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Social Psychology Which of the following is the best definition of prejudice? A) Prejudice is the act of stereotyping someone. B) Prejudice is a behavior, similar to discrimination. C) Prejudice is the result of biological differences among people. D) Prejudice is a negative opinion or attitude held by someone about the members of a particular group.

33. Attribution Wikibooks. "Social Psychology/Introduction." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Social_Psychology/IntroductionCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Social_Psychology/Introduction Wikibooks. "Social Psychology/Cognitive Social Psychology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Social_Psychology/Cognitive_Social_PsychologyCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Social_Psychology/Cognitive_Social_Psychology Wikibooks. "Introduction to Sociology/Organizational Behavior." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology/Organizational_Behavior#Personality.2C_Perception.2C_and_AttributionCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology/Organizational_Behavior#Personality.2C_Perception.2C_and_Attribution Wikipedia. "Attribution (psychology)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attribution_(psychology)CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attribution_(psychology) Wiktionary. "attribution." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/attributionCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/attribution Wikipedia. "fundamental attribution error." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fundamental%20attribution%20errorCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fundamental%20attribution%20error Wikibooks. "Social Psychology/Cognitive Social Psychology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Social_Psychology/Cognitive_Social_Psychology#Social_perceptionsCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Social_Psychology/Cognitive_Social_Psychology#Social_perceptions Wikibooks. "Social Psychology/Introduction." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Social_Psychology/IntroductionCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Social_Psychology/Introduction Wikipedia. "Social comparison theory." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_comparison_theoryCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_comparison_theory Wikipedia. "Interpersonal perception." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_perceptionCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_perception Wikipedia. "Social perception." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_perceptionCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_perception Wikipedia. "social perception." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/social%20perceptionCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/social%20perception Wikipedia. "social cognition." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/social%20cognitionCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/social%20cognition Wiktionary. "overt." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/overtCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/overt Wiktionary. "cognitive dissonance." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cognitive+dissonanceCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cognitive+dissonance Wiktionary. "attitude." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/attitudeCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/attitude WIKIBOOKS. "Fringe Psychology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Fringe_PsychologyCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Fringe_Psychology Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Social Psychology

34. WIKIPEDIA. "Stereotype." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StereotypeCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotype WIKIPEDIA. "Attitude (psychology)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_(psychology)CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_(psychology) WIKIPEDIA. "Theory of reasoned action." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_reasoned_actionCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_reasoned_action WIKIPEDIA. "Self-perception theory." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-perception_theoryCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-perception_theory Wikipedia. "Stereotype." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StereotypeCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotype Wikipedia. "Prejudice." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PrejudiceCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prejudice Wikibooks. "Introduction to Sociology/Race and Ethnicity." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology/Race_and_Ethnicity#Prejudice.2C_Bias.2C_and_DiscriminationCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology/Race_and_Ethnicity#Prejudice.2C_Bias.2C_and_Discrimination Wikipedia. "heuristic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/heuristicCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/heuristic Wiktionary. "prejudice." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prejudiceCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prejudice Wiktionary. "outgroup." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/outgroupCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/outgroup Wiktionary. "ingroup." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ingroupCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ingroup Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Social Psychology