1. CELLS

2. Scientist Involved in Cell Theory
Hooke-coined the word “cell”
von Leeuwenhoek- lens grinder; made microscopes;
discovered microscopic organisms in pond water (animacules)
Schleiden-botanist (all plants made of cells)
Schwann-zoologist (all animals made of cells)
Virchow-all cells produce more cells

3. Cell Theory Proposed 200 years AFTER Hooke coined the term cell
All living things made of cells
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things
All cells come from other cells

4. Microscopes Used to View Cells
Compound light microscope- magnifies UP TO 1500 X
Electron Microscopes- magnify up to 1,000,000 X

5. Images differ Greatly
Image of RBCs from Compound Light Microscope (40x)
3-D image of RBCs (Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
2-D image of RBCs in blood vessel (Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

6. Cork

7. Lung Cancer SEM image

8. Deer Tick SEM image

9. Types of Cells PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
No nucleus, no membrane bound organelles
Archaebacteria & Eubacteria
EUKARYOTES
Nucleus, membrane-bound organelles
Protists, fungi, plants, animals
Humans have 200 types of cells (60 BILLION)

10. Bacillus
Streptococcus

11. Features Common to Both
cell membrane-semi-permeable
Ribosomes-sites for protein making
DNA
Cytoplasm

12. Organelles Organelles Common to Eukaryotes
Cell membrane, nucleus, nucleolus
Cytoplasm, Ribosomes, Golgi apparatus
Endoplasmic Reticulum, Lysosome
mitochondria
Plastids- (CHLOROPLASTS & LEUCOPLASTS) PLANTS ONLY
Cell wall- PLANTS (cellulose), FUNGI (chitin), & SOME PROTISTS ONLY
CENTRIOLES-ANIMALS ONLY
Cilia=hair-like structures; Flagella = tail-like structures

14. Energy Use in Cells
NRG in sugar molecules (glucose) is RELEASED (cellular respiration) by mitochondria as ATP
Active cells, like muscles cells, have many mitochondria
ATP is the “gasoline” for the cell

15. Cell Membrane Fluid Mosaic model
Has 2 major molecular components 1. lipids (mostly phospholipids)
2. proteins
         

16. Cell Transport
PASSIVE-substances move from high concentration to low concentration (down a concentration gradient). NO ENERGY REQUIRED
Diffusion- passive transport involving molecules OTHER THAN water through semi-permeable membrane

17. Facilitated Diffusion
Type of passive transport
Transport that is "facilitated" by proteins that span the membrane and provide an alternative route or bypass.
Facilitated = helps

18. Osmosis- passive transport of water through semi-permeable membrane
Plasmolysis-loss of water

19. Osmosis-Hypertonic, Isotonic, Hypotonic solutions
Hypertonic-Contain a high concentration of solute (salt) relative to another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm).
When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the water diffuses out of the cell, causing the cell to shrivel.

20. Osmosis-Hypertonic, Isotonic, Hypotonic solutions
Isotonic-Contains the same concentration of solute (salt) relative to another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm).
When a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, the water diffuses into and out of the cell
The cell’s shape will not change.

21. Osmosis-Hypertonic, Isotonic, Hypotonic solutions
Hypotonic-Contain a low concentration of solute (salt) relative to another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm).
When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the water diffuses into the cell, causing the cell to swell.

22. Hemolysis

23. Osmosis-Hypertonic, Isotonic, Hypotonic solutions

24. ACTIVE TRANSPORT- substance move from low concentration to high concentration (against the concentration gradient)
REQUIRES ENERGY (ATP)
In some cases, requires carrier protein
Examples-
-Endocytosis (2 types)
-Exocytosis

25. ENDOCYTOSIS-moving large molecules across the cell membrane by engulfing them
Phagocytosis-”to eat”

27. Pinocytosis-”to drink”
Dissolved solutes carried into cell via vesicles

28. Exocytosis
Requires NRG
Substances moving out of the cell via vesicle