1. Spring 2011 - ÇGIE398 - lecture 51 lecture 5 : systems models and diagrams this lecture is about modelling modelling influence diagrams flow charts, precedence charts, spray diagrams etc.

2. Spring 2011 - ÇGIE398 - lecture 52 a model is a representation of reality intended for some purpose a representation of reality intended to be of use to someone charged with managing or understanding that reality a representation of reality intended to be of use to someone in understanding, changing, managing and controlling that reality a representation of part of reality as seen by the people who wish to use it to understand, to change, to manage and to control that part of reality an external and explicit representation of part of reality as seen by the people who wish to use it to understand, to change, to manage and to control that part of reality a model is a tool for thinking

3. Spring 2011 - ÇGIE398 - lecture 53 a system model specifies: the transformation processes or activities of the system the boundary, ie. the narrow and the wider systems of interest subsystems of the narrow system involved in transformation; the dynamic relationships ie. processes; stable relationships ie. structure uncontrollable inputs; control inputs; decisions and decision rules outputs that are desired, undesired, planned, unplanned outputs serving as performance measures

4. Spring 2011 - ÇGIE398 - lecture 54 questionis aspect affected by system variables or inputs? does aspect affect system? answerYESNO YES component or relationship input NOoutputirrelevant

5. Spring 2011 - ÇGIE398 - lecture 55 models should be: simple but complete, not trivial or irrelevant –simple models are easier to understand, to evaluate, to work with and to communicate –they can be explained to problem users and owners; this helps to convince them to use models as tools for thinking (for example spreadsheets are fine) –even if users do not understand its inner working properly, a model should be easy to manipulate and it should allow testing by owners and users –simplicity in doing something is parsimony ( Occam’s razor: the fewest possible assumptions should be made in explaining a thing ); models should observe parsimony

6. Spring 2011 - ÇGIE398 - lecture 56 start small, then add and refine –start with a small model even if it is not sufficiently realistic –make sure you immediately solve and test it numerically; if data is not yet ready, use approximate data and guesstimates; this will show if the model makes sense; if it helps you to understand the problem situation –as you discover the shortcomings of your model, refine it: either by enriching, ie. adding new features and components, or by reformulating, ie. replacing with a different, new model

7. Spring 2011 - ÇGIE398 - lecture 57 a good model should be: –adaptive and robust so that it can be modified when data or the problem situation changes –appropriate to the problem situation, eg. it should allow solution within the timeframe needed –relevant and approprite for decision making eg. without extensive need to process model outputs –aided by diagrams such as influence diagrams –used for going back to rich pictures and mind maps for revision of both these and the model

8. Spring 2011 - ÇGIE398 - lecture 58 influence diagrams parameters, constraints, etc control i/p, decision rules, etc output system variables: rates, levels etc AB influence rate = flow (a process element) level = stock (a structural element)

9. Spring 2011 - ÇGIE398 - lecture 59 stocks and flows or levels and rates

10. Spring 2011 - ÇGIE398 - lecture 510 flow charts, spray diagrams etc. flow charts are used to show logical or temporal flows such as: –material flows –information flows –decision flows etc. spray diagrams are useful to map detailed cause-and- effect relationships precedence charts are useful in project management general rule for all diagrams: components of the same category ( eg. circles, squares, clouds etc.) should only show entities of the same category (eg. decisions, actions, stocks, materials etc.); do not mix categories!

11. Spring 2011 - ÇGIE398 - lecture 511

12. Spring 2011 - ÇGIE398 - lecture 512

13. Spring 2011 - ÇGIE398 - lecture 513