1. Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: The Ecosystem Approach
G. Tyler Miller’s
Living in the Environment
12th Edition
Chapter 23
Dr. Richard Clements
Chattanooga State Technical Community College

2. Key Concepts Human land use Types and uses of US public lands
Forests and forest management
Implications of deforestation
Management of parks
Establishment and management of nature preserves
Importance of ecological restoration

3. Land Use in the World Urban 2% Cropland 11% Tundra and wetlands 9%
Desert 20%
Cropland 11%
Rangeland
and pasture
26%
Forest
32%
Urban 2%
Fig. 23.2, p. 586

4. Land Use in the United States
Rangeland
and pasture
29%
U.S. Land Use
Forest
30%
Parks,
wildlife refuge,
wilderness 9%
Desert, tundra,
wetlands 13%
Urban 2%
Cropland 17%
U.S. Land Ownership
Federal
35%
Native American 3%
State and local 7%
Private
55%
Fig. 23.3, p. 586

5. Types of US Public Lands
Multiple-use lands: National Forests; National Resource Lands
Moderately-restricted use lands: National Wildlife Refuges
Restricted-use lands: National Park System; National Wilderness Preservation System

6. National parks and preserves National wildlife refuges
US Public Lands
National parks and preserves
National forests
National wildlife refuges

7. Managing US Public Land
Biodiversity and ecological function
No subsidies or tax breaks for use
Public should get fair compensation
Users held responsible for actions
Takings and property rights

8. Managing and Sustaining Forests
Ecological Importance of Forests
Food webs and energy flow
Water regulation
Local and regional climate
Numerous habitats and niches
Air purification

9. Managing and Sustaining Forests
Economic Importance of Forests
Fuelwood (50% of global forest use)
Industrial timber and lumber
Pulp and paper
Medicines
Mineral extraction and recreation

10. Forest Structure Emergent Canopy Understory Floor Subsoil Birds,
invertebrates,
bats
reptiles,
amphibians,
lichens, mosses
Shade-tolerant
plants, birds,
squirrels,
lizards,
chipmunks
Rotting debris,
worms,
insects,
bacteria
Nematodes,
microrganisms
Bole
Snag
Fig. 23.6, p. 592

11. Types of Forests Old-growth (frontier) forests Second-growth forests
Tree farms/plantation
Virgin forests, 1620
Virgin forests, 1998
Fig b, p. 600

12. Forest Management Rotation cycle Even-aged management
Industrial forestry
Uneven-aged management
Improved diversity
Sustainable production
Multiple-use

13. Management Strategies
Years of growth 30 25 15 10 5
Clear cut
Weak trees
removed
Seedlings
planted
Time
Short rotation
Wood volume or wood biomass B C A
Long rotations
Old-growth harvest
(such as hardwoods
for furniture)
Fig. 23.7, p. 593
Fig. 23.9, p. 594