1. Neutrino Detector R&D International Scoping Study UC Irvine 21 August 2006 Paul Soler University of Glasgow

2. 2 ISS, UC Irvine 21 August 2006 Contents 1.Water Cherenkov 2.Magnetised Segmented Detectors 3.Liquid Argon TPC 4.Hybrid Emulsion Detectors 5.Beam Diagnostic Devices 6.Near Detector 7.Test Beam Facility for Neutrino Detector R&D 8.Total Neutrino Detector R&D Programme 9.Conclusions

3. 3 ISS, UC Irvine 21 August 2006 o Suitable for low energy neutrino detection (~ 0.2-1 GeV)  Excellent   e separation 1. Water Cherenkov Electron-like Muon-like o Impossible to put a magnetic field around it, so not suitable for neutrino factory. o Baseline for beta-beams or super-beams

4. 4 ISS, UC Irvine 21 August 2006 o Projects around the world: Hyperkamiokande, UNO, Memphys 1. Water Cherenkov UNO: ~440 kton 65m Water Cerenkov modules at Fréjus Fréjus CERN 130km Memphys ~440 kton Hyperkamiokande: ~550 kton (fiducial)

5. 5 ISS, UC Irvine 21 August 2006 1. Water Cherenkov

6. 6 ISS, UC Irvine 21 August 2006 1. Water Cherenkov Choice of photomultiplier (PMT), Hybrid-PMT and Hybrid Photon Detectors (HPD) Size vs Cost IPNO with PHOTONIS, tests of PMT, comparison 20” vs 12” o Diameter 20“ 12“ o projected area 1660 615 cm² o QE(typical) 20 24 % o CE 60 70 % o Cost PMT2500 800 € o Cost/PE 12.6 7.7 €/PE =PM cost/(areaxQExCE) Photon Detector R&D 30% coverage (12’’) gives the same # of PE/MeV as 40% coverage (20’’) the required # of 12’’ PMT’s is twice the # of 20’’ PMT’s Also: encouraging results from ICRR/Hamamatsu with 13’’ HPD

7. 7 ISS, UC Irvine 21 August 2006 o Projects around the world: Hyperkamiokande, UNO, Memphys 1. Water Cherenkov R&D ASICS: Charge measurement (12bits) Time measurement (1ns) Single photoelectron sensitivity High counting rate capability (target 100 MHz) Large area pixellised PM : “PMm 2 ” 16 low cost PMs Centralized ASIC for DAQ Variable gain to have only one HV Multichannel readout Gain adjustment to compensate non uniformity Subsequent versions of OPERA_ROC ASICs aim at 200 euros/channel PMT R&D: taken charge by IPNO With PHOTONIS tests of PMT 8”, 9”  12” and Hybrid-PMT and HPD

8. 8 ISS, UC Irvine 21 August 2006 Year 2005 2010 2015 2020 Safety tunnel Excavation Lab cavity Excavation P.S Study detector PM R&DPMT production Det.preparation InstallationOutside lab. Non-acc.physics P-decay, SN Superbeam Construction Superbeam betabeam Beta beam Construction 1. Water Cherenkov o Memphys plan: decision for cavity digging decision for SPL construction decision for EURISOL site

9. 9 ISS, UC Irvine 21 August 2006 2. Magnetised Segmented Detectors o Golden channel signature: “wrong-sign” muons in magnetised calorimeter o Baseline technology for a far detector at a neutrino factory o Issues: electron ID, segmentation, readout technology (RPC or scintillator?) – need R&D to resolve these o Technology is well understood, R&D needed to determine details, natural progression from MINOS o Magnetisation of volume seems to be most challenging problem 8xMINOS (5.4 KT) iron (4 cm) + scintillators (1cm) beam 20 m B=1 T 40KT

10. 10 ISS, UC Irvine 21 August 2006 2. Magnetised Segmented Detectors o Magnetic Iron Detector Optimised for small  13 Strong cut on muon momentum > 5 GeV/c Problems below muon momentum < 3 GeV/c (cannot see second maximum) Main background: production of charm  Q t =P  sin 2 

11. 11 ISS, UC Irvine 21 August 2006 2. Magnetised Segmented Detectors  Compromise between Large Magnetic Detector and No a concepts? o Iron free regions: improve momentum and charge determination Iron (4cm) + active (1cm) air + active (1cm) hadron shower muon 1m o Combining No a and iron-free regions ? Iron (2cm) + active (4cm) air + active (1cm) hadron shower muon Liquid scintillator iron

12. 12 ISS, UC Irvine 21 August 2006 2. Magnetised Segmented Detectors Simulation of a magnetised scintillating detector using No a and Miner a concepts with Geant4 3 cm 1.5 cm 15 m 100 m –3333 Modules (X and Y plane) –Each plane contains 1000 slabs –Total: 6.7M channels o Three lepton momenta: –“Low”: 100 MeV/c – 500 MeV/c initial momentum –“Medium”: 500 MeV/c – 2.5 GeV/c initial momentum –“High”: 2.5 GeV/c – 12.5 GeV/c initial momentum 0.15 T magnetic field 0.30 T magnetic field 0.45 T magnetic field o Three fields studied: Ellis, Bross

13. 13 ISS, UC Irvine 21 August 2006 2. Magnetised Segmented Detectors Position resolution ~ 4.5 mm Red Red: 0.15 T Magnetic Field Green Green: 0.30 T Magnetic Field Blue Blue: 0.45 T Magnetic Field Muon reconstructed efficiency

14. 14 ISS, UC Irvine 21 August 2006 2. Magnetised Segmented Detectors 10 solenoids next to each other. Horizontal field perpendicular to beam Each: 750 turns, 4500 amps, 0.2 Tesla. 42 MJoules. Total: 420 MJoules (CMS: 2700 MJoules) Coil: Aluminium (Alain: LN2 cooled). Possible magnet schemes for MSD Camilleri, Bross, Strolin Steel 15 m x 15 m x 15m solenoid modules; B = 0.5 T Magnet Magnet cost extrapolation formulas: Use stored energy – 14M$/module Use magnetic volume – 60M$/module GEM magnet extrapolation – 69 M$/module x10 modules!

15. 15 ISS, UC Irvine 21 August 2006 2. Magnetised Segmented Detectors oR&D programme 1)Optimisation technology: oTotally Active Scintillation Detector (TASD) oSegmented Iron-scintillator detector. oHybrid of both? 2)Magnetisation volume: reduction of cost? 3)Optimisation of geometry: oLateral and longitudinal segmentation oPerformance of electron, muon, charge identification. oBackgrounds 4)Mechanics. 5)Scintillator: liquid or solid (extruded)? 6)Scintillator readout: oPhotomultiplier Tubes (PMT a la MINOS. oAvalanche Photodiodes (APD) oOther? 7)Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC): gain stability, ageing …. 8)Readout electronics, DAQ, …

16. 16 ISS, UC Irvine 21 August 2006 3. Liquid Argon TPC  Liquid argon detector is the ultimate detector for e (“platinum channel”) and  appearance (“silver channel”). Simultaneous fit to all wrong and right sign distributions. o ICARUS has constructed 600 t modules and observed images o Main issues: inclusion of a magnetic field, scalability to ~15-100 kT o Two main R&D programmes: Europe & US

17. 17 ISS, UC Irvine 21 August 2006 3. Liquid Argon TPC LAr Cathode (- HV) E-field Extraction grid Charge readout plane (LEM plane) UV & Cerenkov light readout PMTs E≈ 1 kV/cm E ≈ 3 kV/cm Electronic racks Field shaping electrodes GAr A tentative detector layout (GLACIER) Single detector: charge imaging, scintillation, possibly Cerenkov light Magnetic field problem not solved Field 0.1-1 T?

18. 18 ISS, UC Irvine 21 August 2006 3. Liquid Argon TPC or maybe 50 kton Fermilab, Michigan State, Princeton, Tufts, UCLA, Yale, York (Canada) from our * submission to NuSAG (Fermilab FN-0776-E) Proposed NuMI LArTPC R&D Path

19. 19 ISS, UC Irvine 21 August 2006 3. Liquid Argon TPC o Charge readout with Large Electron Multiplier (LEM) o Light readout with Wavelength Shifting (WLS) coated PMT o Drift very high voltage: Greinacher circuit o Liquid argon production (local plant ~50 kton/year) and purification o Very long drift lengths: 5-20 m Very large Liquid Argon R&D issues: o Set up test beam with magnet at East area from the CERN PS (e/  0 separation)

20. 20 ISS, UC Irvine 21 August 2006 3. Liquid Argon TPC Very large Liquid Argon R&D plans: Electron drift under high pressure (p ~ 3 atm at the bottom of the tank) l Charge extraction, amplification and imaging devices Charge readout: Large Electron Multiplier (LEM) Light readout: PMT with wavelength shifting coating l Cryostat design, in collaboration with industry l Logistics, infrastructure and safety issues (in part. for underground sites) l Tests with long 5-20 m drift length (“Argontube” detector) ● Cooling and purification l Drift very high voltage (Greinacher circuit) Study of LAr TPC prototypes in a magnetic field tracks seen and measured in 10 lt prototype R&D high temperature superconductor at LAr temperatures

21. 21 ISS, UC Irvine 21 August 2006 4. Hybrid Emulsion Detectors Plastic base Pb Emulsion layers  1 mm  Emulsion detector for  appearance, a la OPERA: “silver channel”  Issues: high rate, selected by choosing only “wrong sign”  →  events o Assume a factor of two bigger than OPERA (~4 kt)

22. 22 ISS, UC Irvine 21 August 2006 4. Hybrid Emulsion Detectors Electronic det: e/  separator & “Time stamp” Rohacell® plate emulsion film stainless steel plate spectrometertargetshower absorber Muon momentum resolution Muon charge misidentification

23. 23 ISS, UC Irvine 21 August 2006 4. Hybrid Emulsion Detectors o Transverse dimension of a plane: 15.7x15.7 m 2 (as in Nova) o 1 brick: 35 stainless steel plates 1 mm thick (2 X 0,, 3.5 kg) o Spectrometer: 3 gaps (3 cm each) and 4 emulsion films o A wall contains 19720 bricks  Weight = 68 tons o For 60 walls  1183200 bricks  4.1 kton o Emulsion film: 47,328,000 pieces (in OPERA there are 12,000,000) o Electronic detector: 35 Nova planes (corresponding to 5.3 X 0 ) after each MECC wall  2100 planes o Total length of detector is: ~ 150 m Possible design hybrid emulsion-scintillator far detector Synergy emulsion-magnetic scintillation detector Golden and silver channels simultaneously!

24. 24 ISS, UC Irvine 21 August 2006 5. Beam Diagnostic Detectors o Beam Current Transformer (BCT) to be included at entrance of straight section: large diameter, with accuracy ~10 -3. o Beam Cherenkov for divergence measurement? Could affect quality of beam. storage ring shielding the leptonic detector the charm and DIS detector Polarimeter Cherenkov BCT

25. 25 ISS, UC Irvine 21 August 2006 5. Beam Diagnostic Detectors o Muon polarization: Build prototype of polarimeter Fourier transform of muon energy spectrum amplitude=> polarization frequency => energy decay => energy spread.

26. 26 ISS, UC Irvine 21 August 2006 o Near detectors should be able to measure flux and energy of and o Calibration and flux control: o High event rate: ~10 9 CC events/year in 50 kg detector 6. Near detector o Measure charm in near detector to control systematics of far detector (main background in oscillation search is wrong sign muon from charm) o Other physics: neutrino cross-sections, PDF, electroweak measurements,... o Possible technology: fully instrumented silicon target in a magnetic detector. What needs to be measured

27. 27 ISS, UC Irvine 21 August 2006 6. Near detector Energy spectra for muons from reaction (green) and (blue) o Energy spectrums for muons from reaction (green) and (blue) Karadhzov, Tsenov

28. 28 ISS, UC Irvine 21 August 2006 6. Near detector Muon chambers EM calorimeter Hadronic Calorimeter Possible design near detector around UA1/NOMAD/T2K magnet

29. 29 ISS, UC Irvine 21 August 2006 6. Near detector o Vertex detector ̶ Identification of charm by impact parameter signature ̶ Demonstration of charm measurement with silicon detector: NOMAD-STAR o Impact parameter resolution Pull:  ~1.02  x ~33  m

30. 30 ISS, UC Irvine 21 August 2006 6. Near detector o Efficiency very low: 3.5% for D 0, D + and 12.7% for D s + detection because fiducial volume very small (72cmx36cmx15cm), only 5 layers and only one projection. o From 10 9 CC events/yr, about 3.1x10 6 charm events, but efficiencies can be improved with 2D space points (ie. Pixels) and more measurement planes  For example: 52 kg mass can be provided by 18 layers of Si 500  m thick, 50 x 50 cm 2 (ie. 4.5 m 2 Si) and 15 layers of B 4 C, 5 mm thick (~0.4 X 0 )  Fully pixelated detector with pixel size: 50  m x 400  m  200 M pixels  Double sided silicon strips, long ladders: 50 cm x 50  m  360 k pixels

31. 31 ISS, UC Irvine 21 August 2006 6. Near detector oR&D programme 1)Vertex detector options: hybrid pixels, monolithic pixels (ie. CCD, Monolithic Active Pixels MAPS or DEPFET) or strips. Synergy with other fields such as Linear Collider Flavour Identification (LCFI) collaboration. 2)Tracking: gas TPC (is it fast enough?), scintillation tracker (same composition as far detector), drift chambers?, cathode strips?, liquid argon (if far detector is LAr), … 3)Particle identification: dE/dx, Cherenkov devices such as Babar DIRC?, Transition Radiation Tracker? 4)Calorimetry: lead glass, CsI crystals?, sampling calorimeter? 5)Magnet: UA1/NOMAD/T2K magnet?, dipole or other geometry? oCollaboration with theorists to determine physics measurements to be carried out in near detector and to minimise systematic errors in cross- sections, etc.

32. 32 ISS, UC Irvine 21 August 2006 7.Test Beam Facility for Neutrino Detector R&D oRequest test beam in East Area at the CERN PS, with a fixed dipole magnet for dedicated Neutrino Detector R&D Liquid Argon tests, beam telescopes for silicon pixel and SciFi tests, calorimetry … Neutrino detector test facility: resource for all European neutrino detector R&D

33. 33 ISS, UC Irvine 21 August 2006 8. Total Neutrino Detector R&D Programme No information yet

34. 34 ISS, UC Irvine 21 August 2006 Conclusions  Baseline detector technologies: ̶ Water Cherenkov detector for low energy Super-beams and Beta-beams ̶ Segmented Magnetic Detectors for far detector at a Neutrino Factory for golden channel  Other far detector options include: ̶ Emulsion Cloud Chamber for silver channel. Can be interspersed within Segmented Magnetic Detector ̶ Liquid Argon TPC. This detector inside a magnetic field could potentially do everything, but some R&D issues still need to be addressed  Ideas for beam diagnostics and near detectors are being developed  Test beam facility for Neutrino detector R&D needed  Neutrino detector R&D programme over next 4 years could total ~10 MEuro (without Water Cherenkov detector R&D).