1. Myers Ch. 7A

3. EncodingStorageRetrieval

4. Sensory memory Short-term memory Long-term memory Outdated, but still a useful starting point

5.  Iconic— 250 milliseconds  Echoic— 2 seconds  Tactile  Taste  Olfaction  Holds sensory information in the raw, unprocessed form  If we attend to it, it is encoded in short- term memory

6.  What you do all of the time for school  Spacing effect  Serial position effect Primacy effect Recency effect

7.  Automatic processing  Effortful processing  Parallel processing— dejavu (theory)

8.  Short-term/working memory i.e., memorizing a phone number Chunking Frontal lobe

9.  Uncertain conclusions— some argue we convert sensory stimuli into verbal information others argue we convert it to an image…others believe it is something more abstract  Rule of 7  Info is gone in 30-60 seconds if not attended to.

10.  Rehearsal—Verbal  Elaboration—visual (or otherwise) connection  1) Relatively permanent  2) Assumed to be unlimited  3) Contains different types of memories

11.  Memory occurs in the synapse via neural connections  LTP—Long term potentiation

12.  1) Explicit Semantic—meaning Episodic—personal  2) Implicit—unaware of retrieval (i.e., riding a bike, tying shoes, etc…)

13.  Hippocampus = explicit/declarative  Cerebellum = implicit/ nondeclarative

14. ANTEROGRADE AMNESIARETROGRADE AMNESIA  Inability to transfer new information from short-term into long term  Inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation

15. ENCODING SPECIFICITY PRINCIPLE  Context matters!  This is why you stare at me while taking a test  Don’t study in your bed!!!!!

17. 1) Transience Proactive interference— when information learned earlier impairs memory for information acquired later. Retroactive interference— when information learned later impairs memory for information acquired earlier P: proactive O: old R: retroactive N: new

18. 2) Absentmindedness—lapse of attention results in memory failure

19. 3) Blocking—failure to retrieve information that is available—tip of the tongue phenomenon

20. 4 ) Memory misattribution—assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source  New Jersey SC New Jersey SC  Elizabeth Loftus  Eyewitness Testimony Eyewitness Testimony

21.  Try to remember the list of words I read aloud to you.

22. #5) Suggestibility—the tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections  false memories false memories  1992: El AL cargo Plane, Amsterdam

23. #6) Bias—distortion of memories due to present knowledge/beliefs/feelings  We remember the good and forget the bad  We like to think of ourselves as consistent so we diminish the memory of change in ourselves—cognitive dissonance

24. #7) Persistence—the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget, usually tied to a heightened level of emotion Embarrassing MomentsFlashbulb Memories