1. Enzymes Make It Happen!

2. Dairy
Dairy is a great way to start a discussion on enzymes. Does anyone in the classroom know someone who is lactose intolerant? What does that mean? Lactase is an enzyme that helps you digest lactose. Almost everyone has it as infants, but as people age many people lose their lactase. This causes problems for digestion of milk.

3. Dairy
Today we are going to talk about the process of how cheese is made, which also involves an enzyme. What is cheese?

4. Curds Curdling is clumping of milk proteins
Cottage cheese
Separates milk into curds (solid) and whey (liquid)
Little Miss Muffett
Most basic form of cheese
Curds are created when proteins in the milk bind with calcium molecules. When this occurs, they form solid clumps that stick together…we call those curds. The rest of the milk stays in the liquid form, which is called whey. You may remember curds and whey from that nursery rhyme, Little Miss Muffett. I never knew what curds and whey were...now I do. Basically, curds are cottage cheese. Cheese is one of those things where you wonder…how did they ever figure that out? Does anyone have an idea?

5. How & Why Cheese ? Milk stored in stomach bags quickly curdled
Curds lasted a long time; are edible and nutritious
Caused by an enzyme called Rennin
Many cultures, even to this day, use all of the parts of an animal when they kill it. The picture on the left shows a number of sheep stomachs that are being used to hold haggis, a dish from scotland. Many different people have used stomachs as bags to hold food and liquids. IT is thought that people used stomach bags to hold milk, but found that when they did the milk quickly curdled.

6. Enzymes act as catalysts
What is a catalyst?
What is an enzyme?
Josh says enzymes cause reactions to take place. Is this true?

7. Enzymes What is a enzyme functionally?
A molecule that makes a reaction more likely to happen.
What is an enzyme physically?
A protein or RNA molecule that catalyzes reactions.
Josh says enzymes cause reactions to take place. Is this true?
No! Enzymes only help reactions take place.

8. An Abstract View of what Enzymes do
Substrate: molecule being acted on.
Active site: where substrate interacts with enzyme
Product: molecule produced after enzyme action.

9. An Abstract View of what Enzymes do – Part 2
Makes reaction more likely to happen
Enzyme breaks a bond in substrate
Substrate can now bond with reactant
There are other enzyme behaviors!

10. Movement and Meetings How do molecules move? Ideas?
How enzyme, substrate and other reacting molecules find each other?
What type movement patterns could make interactions possibe?
Ideas?
Talk about it in your groups for a few minutes

11. StarLogo TNG Used to make Models of Movement and Meetings
You will use StarLogo to make a simulation that
Models biological processes

12. Competitive Inhibition
Inhibitors
Competitive Inhibition
Inhibitors ___________?_______________.
Competitive inhibition: ________?_______.

13. Competitive Inhibition
Inhibitors
Competitive Inhibition
Inhibitors prevent enzymes from binding.
Competitive inhibition: The inhibitor binds in the active site, preventing the substrate from binding.

14. Allosteric Inhibition
Inhibitors
Allosteric Inhibition
Inhibitors prevent enzymes from binding.
Allosteric inhibition: _______?__________.

15. Allosteric Inhibition
Inhibitors
Allosteric Inhibition
Inhibitors prevent enzymes from binding.
Allosteric inhibition: The inhibitor binds in the inhibitor site, changing the conformation of the active site.

16. Reactant Concentrations
How does the concentration of substrate affect the reaction rate?
How does the concentration of enzyme affect the reaction rate?
How does the concentration of inhibitors affect the reaction rate?