1. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CONDITIONS AND PHYTOPLANKTON DIVERSITY OF MARJAD BAOR OF KALIGANJ UPAZILA, JHENAIDAH, BANGLADESH By Md. Ferdous Alam www.ePowerPoint.com

2. INTRODUCTION

3. I ntroduction Water is the most vital element among the natural resources, and is crucial for the survival of all living organisms. “Marjad Baor” is a large biologically significant Oxbow lake (NCS, 1991) and declared as an Ecological Critical Area by DoE in 1999. It is loosing it’s area and natural condition because of anthropogrnic activities. Agricultural practices are increasing day by day at the surrounding area. “Marajd Baor” is the main source of income of the adjacent fisherman community and it possess a wide range of biodiversity. www.ePowerPoint.com

4. A ims and Objectives of the Study The main objective of the study is to determine the water quality of the “Marjad Baor through the analysis of its physico-chemical conditions, phytoplankton diversity and their interrelationships. The present investigation has been taken to achieve the following specific objectives: To find out the physico-chemical conditions of the Marjad baor. To find out the diversity and abundance of phytoplankton in the Marjad Baor. To find out the relationship between physico-chemical conditions and phytoplankton diversity in the Marjad Baor. www.ePowerPoint.com

5. MATERIALS AND METHODS www.ePowerPoint.com

6. M aterials and Methods Location of the Study Area Present study was conducted at the Marjad Baor, the largest Baor of Bangladesh which is under Kashthabhanga Union of Kaliganj Upazilla. It is situated at the north of Chaugachha Upazila under Jessore district and at the south – west part of Kaliganj Upazila under Jhenaidah district. The total area of Marjad Baor is about 253 hectares which is 25 km apart from Kaliganj Upazila. It is located between the latitude of 23 0 18′27.08″ N to 23 0 18′40.08″ N and between the longitudes of 89 0 04′08.24″ E to 89 0 05′51.78″ E. www.ePowerPoint.com

7. Figure 1: Map of the study area www.ePowerPoint.com

8. Figure 2: Sampling spot 1 – Hizoltola Ghat Figure 3: Sampling spot 2 – Nalvanga Ghat www.ePowerPoint.com

9. Figure 4: Sampling spot 3 – Middle of the Baor Figure 5: Sampling spot 4 – Mirzapur www.ePowerPoint.com

10. Study period Country boats were used to collect both water and phytoplankton samples. Water samples were collected from each spot at a depth of 35-40 cm below the water surface. The phytoplankton samples were collected from four spots, with plankton net (1 meter long, diameter of 22 cm) of No. 22 silk bolting cloth (Mesh size 0.076 mm). Collection of water and phytoplankton samples The present study was carried out from January, 2010 to March, 2010. The samples were collected for three terms with an interval of one month. www.ePowerPoint.com

11. Table 1: List of analyzed parameters Category of parametersName of the parametersPlace of analysis Physical parameters Water Temperature and Air Temperature Field analysis Transparency Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) Electrical Conductivity (EC) Chemical parameters Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH) Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Free Carbon-Dioxide (CO 2 ) Biological Oxygen Demand ( BOD 5 ) Laboratory analysis Carbonate Alkalinity (CO 3 - ) Bicarbonate Alkalinity (HCO 3 - ) Calcium Hardness (Ca 2+ ) Magnesium Hardness (Mg 2+ ) Total Hardness Chloride (Cl - ) Phosphate (PO 4 3- ) Nitrate (NO 3 - ) www.ePowerPoint.com

12. Table 2: Analytical methods used to determine the Baor water chemistry and phytoplankton abundance ParametersUnitMethods /InstrumentsReferences Temperature oCoCCentegrade Mercury Thermometer Ramesh and Anbu, 1996 pH-Microprocessor p H meter (HANNA instruments, pH 211) ECµs/cmTDS meter (H1-9635, portable water proof Multirange Conductivity/TDS meter, HANNA) TDSppmTDS meter (H1-9635, portable water proof Multirange Conductivity/TDS meter, HANNA) DOmg/lWinckler’s method BOD 5 mg/lWinckler’s method Free CO 2 mg/lWelch method Ca 2+ mg/lTitrimetric method Mg 2+ mg/lTitrimetric method Cl - mg/lTitrimetric method HCO 3 - mg/lWelch method PO 4 3- ppmAscorbic acid method (Thermospectronic, UV-visible Spectrophotometers, Helios 9499230 45811) NO 3 - ppmUltraviolet spectrophotometric screening method (Thermospectronic, UV-visible Spectrophotometers, Helios 9499230 45811) PhytoplanktonUnit/lElectron Microscope and Counting CellApha www.ePowerPoint.com

13. Calculation for phytoplankton counting The abundance of phytoplankton groups were calculated according to the following formulae (Welch, 1948). Where, N = Number of phytoplankton per liter of original water. a = Average number of plankton in per all counts in the counting cell. c = Volume of original concentration in ml. L = Volume of water passed through the net. www.ePowerPoint.com

14. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION www.ePowerPoint.com

15. Table 3: Physico-chemical conditions and phytoplankton abundance of Marjad Baor - = Not Detected ParameterUnitMean value (January–March, 2010) Spot - 1Spot – 2Spot – 3Spot - 4 Air temperature oCoC30.33±2.0530.67±2.0529±2.4528±2.45 Water temperature oCoC27±3.2726.30±2.8725.30±3.6824.70±3.30 Transparencycm50.67±5.045.30±3.066.30±2.5862.70±2.87 ECµs/cm230.67±3.30230.67±1.25233.33±4.69210±1.63 TDSmg/l109.5±6.4119.33±0.12118.30±2.65106±0.66 pH7.52±0.217.14±0.137.53±0.037.63±0.15 DOmg/l8.23±0.057.57±0.827.03±0.498.37±0.33 BOD 5 mg/l1.3±0.082.37±0.171.10±0.221.37±0.21 Free CO 2 mg/l0.07±0.090.08±0.080.12±0.020.02±0.02 CO 3 - mg/l---- HCO 3 - mg/l142.9±2.57142.3±1.82130.2±2.0126.2±1.60 Ca 2+ mg/l68.1385.65±5.068.62±4.6455.79±3.32 Mg 2+ mg/l19.77±5.1215.40±3.0323.80±2.11 Total hardnessmg/l87.90±5.12101.60±2.3192.42±6.6479.60±5.15 Cl - mg/l7.70±0.829.56±0.787.70±0.82 PO 4 3- ppm0.094±0.0040.093±0.0010.091±0.0010.096±0.006 NO 3 - ppm1.65±0.41.82±0.220.66±0.210.82±0.01 PhytoplanktonUnit/l43,416±8,51036,633±8,68448,216±7,10056,900±9,738 = Lowest Value = Highest Value www.ePowerPoint.com

16. ClassSpeciesTotal abundance (units/l) Spot - 1Spot - 2Spot - 3Spot - 4 Cyanophyceae Anabaena sp.472811671182557101 Nostoc sp.1522672321096518965 Oscillatoria sp.21634240831634628253 Lyngbya sp.79981241865675360 Gloeocapsa sp.937812290 Aphanocapsa sp.74636368 Merismopedia sp.37514916 Aphanothece sp.27483616 Nodularia sp.32645743 Sytonema sp.36704831 Microchaete sp.28583761 Chlorophyceae Stigeoclonium sp.305540215108 Uronema elongatum sp.3205336329805907 Chaetophora sp.29673906 Rhizoclonium sp.34266337 Cladophora sp.666924403211 Pediastrum sp.31542705 Closterium sp.3621336358734489 Cosmarium sp.19932612 Oedogonium sp.3790 Staurastrum sp.317641803465 Myrmecia sp.3074262620112322 Bacillariophyceae Synedra sp.4637274936166077 Fragilaria sp.22422951 Melosira sp.293424165752 Navicula sp.5952771566837801 Pinnularia sp.3905398048315053 Gyrosigma sp.6460324242675053 Cymbella sp.41776944 Cybetta sp.5035 Nitzschia sp.7278294624308228 Euglenophyceae Euglena sp.6409396837768399 Phacus sp.31554152 Trachelomonas sp.3192274821705890 Total1,30,2501,09,9001,44,6501,70,700  Highest abundant group  2 nd highest abundant group  3 rd highest abundant group Table 4: Diversity and abundance of phytoplankton species www.ePowerPoint.com

17. Figure 6: Percentage composition of phytoplankton classes in Spot - 1 Figure 7: Percentage composition of phytoplankton classes in Spot - 2 www.ePowerPoint.com

18. Figure 8: Percentage composition of phytoplankton classes in Spot - 3 Figure 9: Percentage composition of phytoplankton classes in Spot - 4 www.ePowerPoint.com

19. Parameters Phytoplankton Spot - 1Spot - 2Spot - 3Spot - 4 Air temperature ( o C)--1.0**1.0* Water temperature ( o C)--0.999*- Transparency (cm)-0.901-0.851-0.979-0.553 EC ( µ s/cm) ---1.0* TDS (mg/l)1.0**--0.933-0.987 pH-0.964--- DO (mg/l)--0.918-0.997- BOD 5 (mg/l)-0.998*--0.991 Free CO 2 (mg/l)-0.998*--0.876 HCO 3 - (mg/l)-0.792-0.875-0.9791.0** Ca 2+ (mg/l)--0.872-1.0*-0.993 Mg 2+ (mg/l)-0.792--0.936-0.948 Total Hardness (mg/l)-0.792-0.569-0.996-0.980 Cl - (mg/l)--0.758-- PO 4 3- (ppm)-0.465---0.985 NO 3 - (ppm)1.0**-0.999*- Table 5: Relationship between different physico-chemical factors and phytoplankton abundance ‘-’negative relationship ‘*’ significant value www.ePowerPoint.com

20. Parameters Positively SignificantNegatively Significant Air temperature ( o C)Water temperature, EC, NO 3 -, Phytoplankton pH, DO, HCO 3 -, Ca 2+,Total Hardness Water temperature ( o C)Air temperature, DO, NO 3 -, Phytoplankton TDS, DO, BOD 5, Ca 2+ Transparency (cm)HCO 3 - EC EC ( µ s/cm) pH, HCO 3 -, PhytoplanktonTransparency, DO TDS (mg/l)BOD 5, Mg 2+, NO 3 -, PhytoplanktonDO pHECDO, Mg 2+, Total Hardness DO (mg/l)Water temperature, Free CO 2, Ca 2+, Cl - EC, TDS, BOD 5 BOD 5 (mg/l)TDS, Free CO 2, PhytoplanktonWater temperature, Mg 2+, DO Free CO 2 (mg/l)DO, BOD 5, Cl -, Phytoplankton-- HCO 3 - (mg/l)EC, Transparency, Ca 2+, Mg 2+, Total Hardness Air temperature Ca 2+ (mg/l)DO, HCO 3 -, PO 4 3- NO 3 -, Phytoplankton Mg 2+ (mg/l)TDS, Total Hardness, PO 4 3-, NO 3 - pH, BOD 5 Total Hardness (mg/l)PO 4 3- pH, NO 3 - Cl - (mg/l)DO, Free CO 2 -- PO 4 3- (ppm)Ca 2+, Mg 2+ -- NO 3 - (ppm)TDS, Mg 2+, PhytoplanktonCa 2+, Total Hardness Table 6: Significant relationship between different physico-chemical factors and phytoplankton abundance www.ePowerPoint.com

21. ParametersunitsBangladesh standard Mean values of the parameters at different spotRemarks SP-1SP-2SP-3SP-4 Water temperature 0C0C22-452726.3325.3324.67Within the standard Transparencycm<10050.6745.3366.3362.67Within the standard TDSppm≤ 1500109.5119.33118.3106Within the standard EC µ s/cm 500-1500230.67237.67233.33210Within the standard pH-6.5-8.27.527.147.537.63Within the standard BOD 5 mg/l3-61.32.371.11.37Within the standard DOmg/l6-8.58.237.577.038.37Within the standard Free CO 2 mg/l<100.070.080.120.02Within the standard Total hardnessmg/l100-20087.90101.0692.4279.60Below the standard except SP-2 Total Alkalinitymg/l20-200142.9142.3130.2126.2Within the standard Ca 2+ mg/l30-10068.1385.6568.6255.79Within the standard Mg 2+ mg/l5-5019.7715.4023.8 Within the standard Cl - mg/l ≤ 1507.709.567.70 Within the standard PO 4 3- ppm <0.10.0940.0930.0910.096within the standard NO 3 - ppm≤101.651.820.660.82Within the standard Table 7: Comparison between Bangladesh standards for fish culture and measured values Source: Environmental protection agency report, 2007 www.ePowerPoint.com

22. CONCLUSION

23. From the above study it can be said that the water of “Marjad Baor” is poorly alkaline and it is a eutrophic lake. The physico-chemical condition of the baor water is favorable for phytoplankton growth at this time. But some of the parameters are approaching to exceed the standard. Oscillatoria sp. was the dominant species in most of the spots than Anabaena sp. which may be the main sign of eutrophication. Addition of domestic wastes, agricultural runoff and other anthropogenic practices are changing the natural quality of water. If the ecological condition of Marjad Baor can not be restored as soon as possible a huge number of biological diversity will be in threatened condition. So, further study is needed for the better management of the “Marjad Baor”. www.ePowerPoint.com

24. THANKS TO ALL www.ePowerPoint.com