1. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0.000.250.500.751.001.251.501.75 Leaf Area Index Height (meters) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 012345 Cumulative Leaf Area Index Height (meters) 020406080100 Percent Of Full Solar Radiation LAI Radiation 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 012345678 Cumulative Leaf Area Index Height (meters) 0255075100 Percent Of Full Solar Radiation LAI Radiation 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0.000.501.001.502.00 Leaf Area Index Height (meters) Oak Forest Aspen Forest Figure 18.1 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

2. 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 012345678 Leaf Area Index Sunlit Leaf Area Index Random Horizontal Vertical Figure 18.2 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

3. Visible 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0123456 Leaf Area Index (m 2 m -2 ) Fractional Canopy Absorption 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0123456 Leaf Area Index (m 2 m -2 ) Fractional Canopy Absorption Near-infrared Figure 18.3 Direct beam Diffuse Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

4. Figure 18.4 Visible Leaf Area Index (m 2 m -2 ) Albedo 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0123456 Leaf Area Index (m 2 m -2 ) Albedo Visible Near-infrared Soil Snow Near-infrared Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

5. Figure 18.5 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0102030405060708090 Zenith Angle (degrees) Albedo Visible Horizontal Random Vertical 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0102030405060708090 Zenith Angle (degrees) Albedo Near-infrared Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

6. 0 50 100 150 0 200 400 1830 0830 1200 Tobacco Height (cm) 0 25 50 75 Height (cm) 0700 1600 1200 Sorghum Stomatal Conductance (mmol H 2 O m -2 s -1 ) 100200 0 Stomatal Conductance (mmol H 2 O m -2 s -1 ) Figure 18.6 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

7. Figure 18.7 Leaf Assimilation (  mol m -2 s -1 ) APAR (  mol m -2 s -1 ) Leaf Area Index (m 2 m -2 ) Canopy Assimilation (  mol m -2 s -1 ) 0 5 10 15 20 0500100015002000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 012345678910 F 0 = 1000 F 0 = 500 F 0 = 250 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

8. Young jack pine Figure 18.8 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0246810121416 Canopy Depth (m) Photosynthetically Active Radiation (%) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 020406080100 Photosynthetically Active Radiation (%) Foliage Nitrogen (g m -2 ) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0.51.01.52.0 Foliage Nitrogen (g m -2 ) Photosynthetic Capacity (  mol m -2 s -1 ) 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 707580859095100 Relative Nitrogen Content (%) Relative Photosynthetic Capacity (%) 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 020406080100 Photosynthetically Active Radiation (%) Relative Photosynthetic Capacity (%) 0 5 10 15 20 0.50.60.70.80.9 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Canopy Photosynthetic Capacity (  mol m -2 s -1 ) Old jack pine Black spruce Aspen spruce Young jack pine Old jack pine Old black spruce Old aspen Black Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

9. Figure 18.9 Ratio 0 1 2 3 4 012345678910 0 20 30 40 024681012 Maximum Surface Conductance, G smax (mm s -1 ) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 02468101214 Maximum Leaf Conductance, g smax (mm s -1 ) Maximum Surface Conductance, G smax (mm s -1 ) Leaf Area Index (m 2 m -2 ) G s /g smax G c /g smax G s /G c LAI = 10 LAI = 2 G smax = 2.73 g smax g smax =12 g smax =8 g smax =4 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

10. Figure 18.10 00.20.40.60.81.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Height (z/h) 01234567 U/u * 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.4 1.2 Height (z/h) Plant Area Density (m -1 ) Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

11. Figure 18.11 29303110.010.210.4328329 CC g kg -1 ppm Height (m) 6 20 Mixing ratioCO 2 Potential temperature H = 433 H = 64 E = 296 E = 59 F c = -0.54 F c = -0.23 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

12. TsTs Figure 18.12 Sensible Heat Bare Surface No Vegetation Bulk Surface With Vegetation One Vegetation Layer Two Vegetation Layers TaTa TaTa TaTa TsTs TgTg TvTv TgTg T vu T vl eaea eaea eaea eses egeg egeg evev e vu e vl Latent Heat Bulk Surface No Vegetation Bulk Surface With Vegetation One Vegetation Layer Two Vegetation Layers r aH r aW r aH TaTa r ac r aH r acu r acl r cu r cl r aW r ac rcrc rcrc r cu r cl r aW r acu r acl T ac T acu T acl e ac e acu e acl eaea eses r aW rsrs rsrs Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

13. Figure 18.13 -5 0 5 10 15 20 02004006008001000 Net Radiation (W m -2 ) Leaf-Air Temperature Difference (  C) Forest Shrub Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

14. 370 366 362 364 368 400 450 500 550 350 Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) 0000040008001200160020002400 0.8 m 2.3 m  9.5 m 0.8 m 2.3 m  9.5 m Leafless Full Leaf Local Time (hours) Figure 18.14 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

15. Figure 18.15 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

16. Figure 18.16 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan