1. Chapter 3
Critical Listening

2. Listening Styles Reluctant Appreciative Empathic Comprehensive
Critical
Aggressive

3. The Process of Listening
Sensation
Selection
Interpretation
Evaluation
Response

4. Three Common Listening Errors
Additions
Deletions
Substitutions
Caused by lack of motivation, difficulties with access (problems with “channel”), and/or poor listening skills.

5. 10 Keys to Effective Listening
Find areas of interest.
Judge content, not delivery.
Hold your fire.
Listen for ideas.
Be flexible.
Work at listening.
Resist distractions.
Exercise your mind.
Keep your mind open.
Take advantage of the “thinking-speaking ratio” (p. 99).

6. Improving Your Listening Skills
Moving from unconscious incompetence to
conscious incompetence,
then
conscious competence,
and finally, to
unconscious competence!

7. Improving Critical Listening
Listen for invalid predictions & interpretations of chance events.
Watch out for secondhand information. Check your sources!
Beware wishful thinking.
“Conventional wisdom” isn’t always wise.
Use language effectively.