1. Introduction to the Mineral Exploration Activity

2. Do Now! Minerals & Mineral Resources  What is a mineral?  How are mineral resources obtained?  What is the importance of minerals? What are some of their uses? Write down your thoughts in your journal. Be ready to share your answers

3. A naturally occurring, inorganic solid Atoms arranged in an orderly arrangement Elements or compounds Fixed chemical formula Characteristic physical properties What is a mineral? SiO 2 Quartz

5. The Formation of Mineral Deposits Geological and biological processes selectively dissolve, transport, and deposit rocks and minerals. The Rock Cycle Plate Tectonics Biological Processes

6. The Formation of Mineral Deposits Geological and biological processes selectively dissolve, transport, and deposit rocks and minerals. The Rock Cycle The ongoing process of rock formation & breakdown. 3 types of rock o Igneous o Sedimentary o Metamorphic

7. The Formation of Mineral Deposits Geological and biological processes selectively dissolve, transport, and deposit rocks and minerals. Plate Tectonics Responsible for the formation of some mineral deposits Metallic ores are deposited in the crust at divergent and convergent plate boundaries

8. The Formation of Mineral Deposits Geological and biological processes selectively dissolve, transport, and deposit rocks and minerals. Biological Processes Organisms can form many kinds of minerals o Minerals of biological origin contribute significantly to sedimentary deposits. o 31 different biologically produced minerals identified, some of which cannot be formed inorganically in the biosphere. o Ex. Ca in shells and bones.

9. The Distribution of Mineral Deposits During the formation of the Earth, gravitational attraction of matter, increase in mass, & heating caused heavier metals (Fe, Ni) to sink to the center. Therefore, the crust consists of generally lighter elements. Elements in the crust are not uniformly distributed because of geologic processes and some biological processes that selectively dissolve, transport, and deposit elements and minerals. The result of geologic activity (over geologic time) concentrating minerals in high amounts produced ore deposits, which humans have exploited. Mineral deposits are nonrenewable resources from our geologic past.

10. The Distribution of Mineral Deposits Earth’s Crust – Primarily rock of silica and oxygen (silicates) – 8 elements account for ~99% of the crust by weight – O 2, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, K Oceans – Cover 2/3 of Earth’s surface, and is a reservoir for many elements and compounds (cycles unit). – Most are weathered from crustal rocks and carried to the oceans by rivers; some by wind or glaciers (cycles unit). – Concentrations of most minerals, except Salt and Mg, are low and so are not economical to extract.

11.  What is mining? *Process of extracting minerals from the Earth.  Why is it necessary? *Everything we use/purchase is made from minerals & they have important functions in human health. *Modern society depends on minerals and availability of mineral resources is a measure of the wealth of a society. Mining and the Significance of Mineral Resources

12. Mineral Exploration Activity In assigned groups of 3-4 you will rotate to each lab table and observe the minerals at each station. Fill in the handout as you travel to each station. – You may carefully touch/handle all except one- Realgar, which is in the 4 th group of minerals. It is clearly identified and in a Ziplock baggie inside a plastic container- it needs to remain this way. – Add Aluminum (Al) and (C) to the 1st group of minerals. – Add Pyrite (FeS 2 ) to the 4 th group of minerals. – Note the appearance of the “unknown” Actinolite, the last mineral, compared to the crystalline appearance of the other minerals observed. What chemical group would you place it in? – Talk with your lab partners- Look at the chemical the composition of each group of minerals. Discuss why are they grouped this way and what you think each of the minerals is used for. Your lab handout must be filled in! Return each station to its original condition before rotating. After viewing all stations, return to your seats for class discussion.

13. Minerals and their uses

16. Ore minerals- minerals that are valuable and economical to extract Gangue minerals- minerals that have no commercial value Classification of Minerals Based on Commercial Value:

17. Resource- minerals concentrated in a form that we can extract to obtain something that can be bought and sold. Can be extracted economically. Exploited. Reserve- portion of a resource whose location and amount are known and which can be legally and economically extracted at the time of evaluation. Potential. *Note: Resources are NOT reserves. Estimating future resources (reserves) is important for planning purposes. Resource versus Reserve:

18. Use & Availability of Mineral Resources In addition to commercial or economic value, minerals can be classified by use and availability. Nonmetal minerals are the most widely used. The Earth’s geologic history as well as the cost of mining determines availability. Solutions to limited mineral supplies include: – Finding new sources – Recycling & reusing what has already been obtained – Reducing consumption – Finding a substitute

19. Mineral Consumption in the US A mineral resource can be used in 3 ways Increase population & standard of living increases consumption The US exceeds its own supplies of many minerals A lot of what we throw away is still useful

21. Minimizing Environmental Impacts of Mineral Development Generation of waste is a major issue Minimizing environmental effects of mineral development: – Regulate the environment at the federal, state, and local levels – On-site and off-site treatment of waste – Reduce, reuse, recycle