1. The Dead Guys & The Old Pieces of Paper
The Road to the Government of the US
John Locke, Adam Smith,
John Stuart Mill, Baron De Montesquieu, et al
&
The Magna Carta and the Mayflower Compact
The government of the United States finds its origins in the political thoughts and economic theories of these three men, John Locke, Adam Smith, and HJohn Stuart Mill. The documents, the Magna Carta and the Mayflower Compact are the first major documents connected to democratic thought for the new US.

2. John Locke (1632-1704) English Labor theory of value (I)
Life, liberty, and property
Government is to protect
Right to revolution
The Second Treatise on Civil Government
John Locke was born in England. He later moved to the Netherlands and became a writer there. He supported educational reform, free press, and religious tolerance. Later in history, Locke will be an idol of Thomas Jefferson.
Locke believed in the Labor value theory, This means that one has the right to own one’s self, labor, and the fruits of one’s labor. The government was formed to protect life liberty and property. The government then could not act to harm or take away what it is created to protect.
Locke also believed that the government could only function properly with the consent of the governed. If the government is no longer functioning with the consent of the governed, it is no longer legitimate and the people have the right to revolt and begin a new government.

3. Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527)
Italian
Politics and patriotism
Power
The Prince

4. The Prince What is the purpose of the book?
What characteristics does Machiavelli say are key to a good leader?
The Prince

5. The Prince, of today?
How do Machiavelli’s ideas apply today?

6. Adam Smith (1723-1790) Scottish Political economist
Economic freedom/free market
Government ensures fairness
Value Theory (II)
Wealth of Nations
Adam Smith was born in Scotland. He was the founder of modern economics and the first to write a complete text on political economy.
Smith supported a severely limited government to protect the economic freedom of the individual.
In 1776, Smith wrote Wealth of Nations and said that private enterprise is the most effective way to national wealth and income. To obtain this, the government must 1. Allow a free market to exist Not allow monopolies and
3. Create a standard set of weights and measures to ensure fair business transactions.
According to Smith the government was also to defend its community.

7. John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) England Scholar Self-development key
On Liberty 1859
Truth
John Stuart Mill was born in England. He was an economist and a philosopher. His early education was from his father and at the age of 3, JSM had mastered math, classical literature, Latin, history, logic, and political economic theory.
JSM believed that the government must protect the rights of the individual to ensure self-development. This is through free thought and discussion.
JSM wrote On Liberty in 1859 and believes that the government must protect people’s right to develop and must allow them to find the truth.
"One person with a belief is equal to a force of ninety-nine who have only interest."
-John Stuart Mill

8. Baron de Montesquieu Bordeaux, France 1689 Types of Government
Balance of Power
Balanced system of government - 3 tiers.
On the Spirit of Laws

9. Magna Carta, 1215 “Seeds of Democracy” England
King John of England and the Barons
War with France
Council of Barons
Legal rights

10. Mayflower Compact, 1620 Pilgrims/Separatists Religious persecution
First basis in the new world for written laws
Self-government
Laws for good of Colony

11. http://www. historyplace

12. The Original Declaration of Independence ~~~~~~~~~~ 25 original copies
The Declaration of Independence was read for the first time on July 4, 1776 (Know this date!!!). There were originally 25 copies of the document created. Today, the US government holds 3 of them, the government of England owns 2, and the rest are in the hands of museums, historical societies and private collectors, mainly in the Eastern and Southern US.
The original document currently looks like that in this photo. The ink is severely faded and conservation efforts are ongoing.

13. The Stone Document Engraving Plate 1823
In an effort to preserve the DOI and yet maintain the capability of reproduction, the Stone Engraving Plate was created. Mr. Stone oversaw this effort. Today, any reproductions of the document are made from this panel.

14. The DOI Finds a Home Travels1776-1921 Library of Congress1924-1941
Fort Knox
1952 -present National Archives
Bombproof
Archival Measures
The DOI has moved about the country a lot, although now it has a permanent home in the National Archives in Washington DC

15. Take two minutes and answer the following on an even side in your notebook.
If you were starting a new country, what are the two most important things you would need first and how would you obtain/create them?

16. The Articles Aren’t Working!
Help!
The Articles Aren’t Working!
Creating the
US Constitution

17. The Articles of Confederation
“League of Friendship”
Weak Central Government
Declare War
Make peace treaties, regulate trade w/Native Americans
Some foreign trade

18. The AOC Could NOT... Create common currency. Tax. Create a military.
Be amended with out unanimous consent.

19. Shays’ Rebellion Daniel Shays Soldiers unpaid.
Rebellion in Massachusetts
No trial Jail
Shays flees.
Daniel Shays (1747?-1825, born Hopkinton, MA), a former Revolutionary Army captain, leda rebellion by farmers against unsettled economic conditions and against politicians and laws which were grossly unfair to farmers and working people in general. They protested againstexcessive taxes on property, polling taxes which preented the poor from voting, unfair actionsby the court of common pleas, the high cost of lawsuits, and the lack of a stable currency.
They rallied for the government issue of paper money, since at the time there were a variety ofpaper monies in circulation, but not much was honored at face value. A campaign for "sound money" rallied for the issue of a gold-backed currency. The revolutionary war was over, but
The United States had yet to form formal government organizations. The contstitutional
congress had yet to convene, and the country was in chaos. The rebels protested against governmental and court systems that were wrought with dictatorial and oppressive regimes and against excessive salaries for government and court officials.
Their actions included mobbing the court buildings in Northampton, Great Barrington,
Worcester and Concord to prevent the sitting of the courts, whose actions had been grossly unfair to working people.
On August 29, 1786, rebel mobs stormed the courthouse in Northampton to prevent the trial
and imprisonment of debtors. In September 1786, Shays and about 600 armed farmers stormed the courthouse inSpringfield. Governor Bowdoin countered with a militia of 4400 troops.
On January 25, 1787, Shays led 2000 rebels to Springfield, MA to storm the arsenal, but government forces of 1200 soldiers led by General Shepard quelled the uprising. The rebels were captured and sentenced to death for treason in February 1787, but they were later pardoned.

20. Independence Hall http://www.libertynet.org/iha/tour/_indhall.html

21. James Madison “Father of the Constitution”
Virginia Landowner
Scholar
Government and Political Philosophy
1776, VA’s constitution
Supported Hamilton for a constitutional convention

22. The Delegates 55 of 74 attended 35 with legal training
All with political experience
14 from leading families
Most had money
Most with families.

23. George Washington

24. May, 1787
Closed windows
J. Madison secretary

25. Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan 3 Branches of Government
Ultra-Strong Central Government
Representation by population
Central Government may more easily raise revenue and regulate commerce
Equal representation
Supreme law of the States
New Jersey Plan

26. “Three-Fifths” Compromise
The Great Compromise
House of Representatives - population
Senate - 2 per state
“Three-Fifths” Compromise
Slavery

27. The US Constitution
Provides a framework for government.
7 articles.

28. The National Archives Rotunda