1. AGE OF REASON IN EUROPE The Enlightenment

2. Enlightenment Age of reason  Scholars no longer rely solely on authority  The role of the Universities Everything can be rediscussed  Government  Religion  Economics  Education

3. The Enlightenment and the Government Thomas Hobbes and John Locke  Both Scholars lived the English Revolution  Known as the founders  known as the first illuminists

4. Thomas Hobbes The Social Contract  An agreement between the people and its government Power no longer comes from divine right Comes from the consent of the people  Leviathan – 1651  Influenced by the horrors of the English Revolution  All humans are selfish and wicked by nature  Without a government men would destroy themselves  The need of a strong ruler An absolutist monarch  In exchange they would gain law and order

5. John Locke Natural Right  All people are born free and equal  People can learn from expirience and improve thenselves  Self government  People could look after the welfare  3 Natural Rights  Life, liberty and property  The purpose of government is to protect this rights If it fails to do so, the people have the right to overthrow it

6. The Advocates of Reason Reason  Truth can only be found through reason Nature  What is natural is good Happiness  Should be found on earth Progress  We all can improve Liberty  revolution

7. Voltaire To combat intolerance  The world worst enemies  Intolerance, prejudice and superstition Freedom of Speech  “I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it”

8. Montesquieu Separation of Powers  The british do it right!  Executive power  The king and the ministers  Legislative power  Parliament  Judicial power  The judges of the english courts

9. Rousseau Freedom  If men aren’t free them their lives have no meaning The society corrupts the man  Men are born free, the society puts it in chains Democracy  The only good government  Consent of the people + freedom + equality

10. Women and the Enlightment Education  Women received no education or very little  Even noble women received secondary education when compared to man Enlightment philosophers and women rights  Women are weak  Their education should be used only for domestic purposes  Women who read become rebellious

11. Emilie du Châtelet Self taught  Never entered a university  But her essays and translations were studied there Sciences  Mathematician and physicist  Her longtime lover, the philosopher and poet Voltaire, wrote to the King of Prussia that she “was a great man whose only fault was being a woman.”

12. Emilie du Châtelet Translated and wrote commentary on Sir Isaac Newton’s work, Principia Mathematica. Her translation, published posthumously in 1759, is still considered the French standard by which all others are measured. She also published several papers throughout her lifetime, including one describing her research on fire, in which she correctly predicted what would later be described as infrared radiation.

13. Mary Astell A serious Proposal to the Ladies  Lack of education  “If absolute sovereighnty be not necessary in a state, how comes it to be so in a family? (…) If all men are born free, how is it that all women are born slaves?

14. Mary Wollstonecraft A Vindiction of the Rights of Woman  1792  Woman have mental capacity of atending universities  Woman should work  Woman should enter politics, science and  medical fields  Mother of Mary Shelley

15. Enlightment and Monarchy Enlightened Despots  A absolute ruler that has Enlightment ideas  Is suposed to rule justly  Maybe have a little constitution  To be a patron of arts and science  A absolute ruler  It wont give in any power  Reasons why: Apear liberal appease the bourgeoisie

16. Enlightment and Monarchy Frederick the Great  King of Prussia  Granted religious freedon  Reduced censorship  Improved education  Reformed the justice system Abolished torture  The first servent of the state  Friends with Voltaire

17. Enlightment and Monarchy Joseph the II  King of Austria  Freedom of press  Freedom of worship  Abolished serfdorm

18. Enlightment and Monarchy Catherine the Great  Empress of Russia  An educated empress Education for noble women  Granted religious freedon  Reformed the justice system  Friends with Voltaire