1. THE OCEANS 71% of the Earth’s surface is covered by oceans and seas water in the oceans formed by outgassing of volcanoes

2. Waves 1.created by wind energy i.strength ii.the longer it blows iii.greater distance that it blows (fetch) 2.swells - storm waves

3. Waves 3.water moves only slightly as waves pass by i.wavelength - distance between crests ii.wave height - the vertical distance between the trough and crest iii.period - time required for one wavelength to pass a set point iv.wavebase - ½ of wavelength

4. Waves 4.breaking waves i. when wave base equals water depth, the wave “feels bottom” and is slowed down ii. as the wave slows, following waves press forward and decrease the wavelength between waves, thus increasing the wave height

5. Waves 4.breaking waves iii.the wave becomes to high and steep so it breaks iv.as waves break, they form swash and backwash (1)swash - rush of water toward the shore (2)backwash - return flow of water from the shore (a)riptides v.swash and backwash move sand grains onshore and offshore

6. Waves 5.Wave refraction - waves bend as they encounter shorelines

7. Waves 5.Wave refraction - waves bend as they encounter shorelines i.concentrates energy on prominences and dimishes it in bays ii.smooths coastlines

8. Waves 5.Wave refraction - waves bend as they encounter shorelines iii.longshore drift - waves strike shoreline at an angle and push sand and other material along the shoreline

9. Waves 6.Tides i.caused by gravitational attraction between the Earth and Moon that pulls water toward the Moon

10. Waves 6.Tides ii.spring tides - Moon and Sun line up once a month to produce higher than average tides iii.neap tides - when the Moon is in the 1st and 3rd quarter, the Moon and Sun are working against each other to produce lower than average tides iv.tidal surges

11. Waves 6.Tides iv.tidal surges

12. Waves 6.Tides v.tidal currents (1)flood tides (2)ebb tides

13. Shoreline features 1.beaches 2.offshore, foreshore, backshore

14. Shoreline features 3.erosion and coastal forms i.stacks ii.wave-cut terraces

15. Shoreline features 4.depositional coastal forms i.spits ii.barrier islands

16. Ocean floor features - Atlantic Ocean 1.Continental Margins i.Continental Shelf (1)broad, flat plains of sand and mud (1° slope)(50 - 200 m) (2)shelf-slope break

17. Ocean floor features - Atlantic Ocean 1.Continental Margins ii.Continental Slope (1)steeper sloping than continental margin (4°) (2)Submarine Canyons

18. Ocean floor features - Atlantic Ocean 1.Continental Margins iii.Continental Rise (1)gently sloping seafloor beyond the continental slope

19. Ocean floor features - Atlantic Ocean 2.Sea floor i.abyssal plain - at depths of 4000 - 6000 m

20. Ocean floor features - Atlantic Ocean 2.Sea floor i.abyssal plain - at depths of 4000 - 6000 m ii.seamounts, volcanoes and guyots iii.reefs iv.Mid-Atlantic Ridge - rift valley

22. Ocean floor features - Pacific Ocean 1.small continental shelf 2.Peru-Chile trench - 8000 m deep 3.East Pacific Rise - rift valley 4.Tonga Trench - 11,000 m deep

23. Continental margins - shorelines, continental slope, and continental shelf 1.Active margins - close to plate boundaries 2.Passive margins - far from plate boundaries

24. Continental shelves - $$$

25. Continental Slope and Rise