1. Fisheries and Aquaculture Management Lecture 1: Introduction to Fisheries Resources

2.  Fisheries and aquaculture are an important sources for food and livelihoods for people along the world’s seashores and waterways and influence the livelihoods for more than one billion people.  The total supply of seafood increased from 69.0 million tonnes in 1976 to 142 million tonnes in 2008 (FAO, 2011).  Seafood appears from two main modes of production – harvest and aquaculture.  Capture fisheries production is the largest. Introduction

4.  In 1970 aquaculture production was still rather miniscule with a produced quantity of about 3.5 million tonnes, representing 5.1% of total seafood supply.  In 2006, aquaculture made up 41.8% of total seafood supply with a production of 66.7 million tonnes.  The increased production in aquaculture is accordingly the only reason why global seafood supply has continued to increase since 1990.  The increased production has been sufficient to not only maintain, but also to slightly increase global per capita consumption of seafood. Introduction

5. Source: FAO Figure 1. Global production of seafood, 1970-2008. Million tonnes

6. Table 1. Largest seafood importing and exporting countries in 2006 (Values in Million USD) Export Value Import value Country Value Percent China 9150.3 10.6 % Japan 14258.7 15.7 % Norway 5543.7 6.4 % USA 13399.7 14.8 % Thailand 5244.9 6.1 % Spain 6377.8 7.0 % USA 4190.1 4.9 % France 5108.7 5.6 % Denmark 3999.1 4.6 % Italy 4745.6 5.2 % Canada 3682.8 4.3 % China 4188.5 4.6 % Chile 3638.9 4.2 % Germany 3778.6 4.2 % Viet Nam 3363.4 3.9 % United Kingdom 3751.9 4.1 % Spain 2871.9 3.3 % Denmark 2939.0 3.2 % Netherlands 2827.2 3.3 % Korea, Republic of 2767.9 3.0 % Source: FAO

7. OVERVIEW OF WORLD FISHERIES I.Major Fisheries - By Fish II.Major Fisheries - By Nation III.Major Fisheries - By Ocean IV.Possible Future Fisheries V.Economic Values

8. Capture Fishery Production from 1993 to 2002.

10. Major Fisheries - by Fish Peruvian Anchovy Alaskan Pollock Skipjack Tuna Capelin Atlantic Herring Japanese Anchovy Chilean Jack Mackerel Blue Whiting

11. Historical Catches of: (A) Peruvian Anchovy; (B) Alaska Pollock; (C) Skipjack Tuna; and (D) Capelin.

12. Peruvian Anchovy Not heavily fished until the 1950s Susceptible to disruptions By 1970, the largest fishery in the world

15. Alaskan Pollock Not heavily fished until the 1960s Overfishing a real concern Improvements in processing ability were important Monitoring and managing techniques may be improving

17. Skipjack Tuna Another recently developed fishery This resource may be underutilized Catches are trending upwards Monitoring and managing techniques are a challenge

19. Capelin Yet another recently developed fishery An equlibrium may be being attained An early peak, a characteristic of some new fisheries This fishery is dominated by two relatively cooperative countries

21. The bulk of the capelin catch goes for reduction into meal and oil, which is mostly used for production of animal feed, including salmon feed. But a part of the catch finds a market outlet in Japan where capelin is a popular snack and capelin roe is sought-after in Japan for its alleged aphrodisiac properties. Capelin are members of the Osmeridae family of smelts. They are known as sparling in England. Capelin are slender translucent olive colored, small-scaled fish that grow to a maximum length of 25 cm (10 in). Capelin was once the primary food of cod in the North Atlantic. When the cod population diminished the capelin population increased dramatically. The species is found from the surface and down to depths of 300 metres. During spawning, the male holds on tightly to the female with its pectoral and ventral fins and swims down towards the bottom. The majority die after spawning and only a few live to spawn a second time.

22. Figure 3.3. Historical Catches of: (A) Atlantic Herring; (B) Japanese Anchovy; (C) Chilean Jack Mackerel; and (D) Blue Whiting.

23. Atlantic Herring An old fishery - based on gill netting Effective management may result in a stable fishery Introduction of purse seine technology resulted in increased but unsustainable yields

25. Japanese Anchovy A fishery with a long history of catch records Current high catch may not be sustainable Stable until the entry of the Chinese into the fishery

27. Japanese Anchovy A fishery with a long history of catch records Current high catch may not be sustainable Stable until the entry of the Chinese into the fishery “Alternatively, current high catch may not be real”

28. Chilean Jack Mackerel This fishery began with the collapse of the Peruvian Anchovy It was subject to initial overexploitation The current yield may be sustainable; Stable at 2 million tonnes from 2002 through 2008

30. Blue Whiting A relatively recent fishery Unregulated until recently Recent increases in catch are recognized as unsustainable

32. Blue Whiting 2005. EU, Faeroes, Iceland, Norway, agree on a management plan A limit of 2 million tonnes set for 2006 Agreement on reduced limits, to 540,000 tonnes by 2010

33. Blue Whiting Until these multi-national agreements, Blue Whiting was exclusively used for reduction, to fish oil and animal feed. With the new, lower, catch limits, attempts are being made to “add value” to this fishery.

34. Blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou). Length to 30-35 cm. Weight 150- 300 grams.