1. http://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/dynamic.html

2. Computer-generated detailed topographic map of a segment of the Mid-Oceanic Ridge. "Warm" colors (yellow to red) indicate the ridge rising above the seafloor, and the "cool" colors (green to blue) represent lower elevations. This image (at latitude 9° north) is of a small part of the East Pacific Rise.

5. The center part of the figure -- representing the deep ocean floor with the sea magically removed -- shows the magnetic striping (see text) mapped by oceanographic surveys offshore of the Pacific Northwest. Thin black lines show transform faults (discussed later) that offset the striping.

6. View of the first high- temperature vent (380 °C) ever seen by scientists during a dive of the deep-sea submersible Alvin on the East Pacific Rise (latitude 21° north) in 1979. Such geothermal vents--called smokers because they resemble chimneys--spew dark, mineral-rich, fluids heated by contact with the newly formed, still- hot oceanic crust. This photograph shows a black smoker, but smokers can also be white, grey, or clear depending on the material being ejected.

7. The deep-sea hot-spring environment supports abundant and bizarre sea life, including tube worms, crabs, giant clams. This hot-spring "neighborhood" is at 13° N along the East Pacific Rise.

9. Plate boundaries can be either active, i.e., divergent versus or convergent, or passive (transform)

11. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which splits nearly the entire Atlantic Ocean north to south, is probably the best- known and most- studied example of a divergent-plate boundary.

12. Map showing the Mid-Atlantic Ridge splitting Iceland and separating the North American and Eurasian Plates. The map also shows Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland, the Thingvellir area, and the locations of some of Iceland's active volcanoes (red triangles), including Krafla.

13. Lava fountains (5­ p;10 m high) spouting from eruptive fissures during the October 1980 eruption of Krafla Volcano.

14. Aerial view of the area around Thingvellir, Iceland, showing a fissure zone (in shadow) that is the on-land exposure of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Right of the fissure, the North American Plate is pulling westward away from the Eurasian Plate (left of the fissure). Large building (near top) marks the site of Lögberg, Iceland's first parliament, founded in the year A.D. 930.

15. Map of East Africa showing some of the historically active volcanoes(red triangles) and the Afar Triangle (shaded, center) -- a so- called triple junction (or triple point), where three plates are pulling away from one another: the Arabian Plate, and the two parts of the African Plate (the Nubian and the Somalian) splitting along the East African Rift Zone.