2. Radiographic Anatomy Skeletal System VERTEBRAL COLUMN

3. Educational Objectives By the end of this lecture you should be able to:  Identify the anatomical parts of the vertebral column on diagrams and radiographs.  Identify the different parts of a typical vertebra  Differentiate between normal & abnormal spine curvatures  Explain how to hang spine radiographs on the view box  State and locate the surface land marks associated with the vertebral column levels.

4. 4 1. Text book of radiographic positioning and related anatomy; by Kenneth L.Bontrager,6 th edition. 2. Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology: by Eldra Pearl Solomon:W.B.Saunders Company 3. Handbook of Anatomy and physiology for Students of Medical Radiation Technology: Mallett.M:Jaspar Websites http://www6.district125.k12.il.us/science/anatomy/ http://www.innerbody.com/htm/body.html http://www.e-radiography.net/ http://www.getbodysmart.com/index.htm References

5. 5 7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumber 5 sacral (fused) 4 coccygeal (fused)  33 vertebrae: VERTEBRAL COLUMN Function Provides support for head, neck and trunk Transfers weight to Appendicular skeleton Protects spinal cord

6. 6 VERTEBRAL COLUMN TermDescription LordosisNormal compensatory concave curvature of Cervical & Lumber spines, or Abnormal exaggerated Lumber curvature with increased concavity KyphosisAbnormal exaggerated Thoracic curvature with increased concavity ScoliosisAbnormal lateral curvature Normal adult curvature

7. 7 VERTEBRAL COLUMN Normal curvatureKyphosis - LordosisScoliosis

8. 8 VERTEBRAL COLUMN (1) Body: (2) Arch: 2 pedicles (lat)+ 2 Laminae (post)  Pedicle + Lamina  Transverse process  Lamina + Lamina  Spinous process (3): Intervertebral Foramina:  Superior + Inferior vertebral notch  31 spinal nerves (8C+12T+5L+5S+1co) (4) Intervertebral Joints: (5) Intervertebral Disc: Serve for shock absorption and contribute to the flexbility of the spine.  Annulus fibrosus + Nucleus pulposus Typical Vertebra

9. 9 VERTEBRAL COLUMN Cervical spine Anterior PosteriorLateral

10. 10 VERTEBRAL COLUMN Cervical spine (Typical) (1): Transverse process:  Foramen(vertebral a.) (2): Spinous processes:  Short and bifid (C2-C6) (3): Intervertebral canal:  Triangle (4): Body:  Small

11. 11 VERTEBRAL COLUMN The Atlas – C1 Cervical spine No body (fused with CV2 to form the dens) Large lateral mass Articular facets Anterior arch Spinous process absent Modified functions: -Support trhe skull -Allow nodding of the head

12. 12 VERTEBRAL COLUMN The Axis– C2 : the body has upward projection to articulate with CV1. Allow rotation of the atlas from side to side. Cervical spine Superior ViewInferior viewLateral View

13. 13 VERTEBRAL COLUMN Cervical spine

14. 14 VERTEBRAL COLUMN C.7 Cervical spine Spinous process: 1.Long 2.Easily felt 3.Not bifid Transverse process: Foramen is small or absent ( only the vertebral vein pass)

15. 15 VERTEBRAL COLUMN Thoracic spine (Typical) Superior View Inferior view

16. 16 VERTEBRAL COLUMN Thoracic spine: body bigger (heart shaped, vertebral foramen larger) Articular facet on the body for (ribs) T1: Complete facet superior Demi-facet inferior T2 - T10: Demi-facet on superior and inferior T11 – T12: Single complete facet at midlevel Articular facet on transverse process Spinous process: long, downward

17. VERTEBRAL COLUMN Thoracic spine

18. VERTEBRAL COLUMN Lumbar spine ANTERIORLATERAL Bigger body than the thoracic. Transverse processes: Upper 4: increase in size from above downward Fifth: shorter, stronger, pyramidal Spinous process: square, horizontal NB: The spinal cord end at the lower border of the first lumber vertebra. The 4 th lumber vertebra is opposite the highest part of the iliac crest.

19. VERTEBRAL COLUMN Lumbar spine

20. VERTEBRAL COLUMN Lumbar spine APLateral

21. VERTEBRAL COLUMN Sacrum APLateral 5 fused vertebrae, Triangle in shape, Concave Anteriorly

22. VERTEBRAL COLUMN Sacrum: 5 piece fused together,the side of the first piece form the ala of the sacrum which articulate with the ilium to form the sacro-iliac joint. Sometimes the 5 th LV. Fuse either partially or completely with the sacrum (sacralisation). Incomplete development of the spine and lamina may result in absence of the posterior wall (spina bifida) APLateral Central mass (fused body) Sacral promontory (superior- anterior border) 4 Sacral foramina The ala (upper anterior surface) Sacral crest: fused spinous processes (posterior) Transverse process: rudimentary Lateral articular surface: sacroiliac joint

23. VERTEBRAL COLUMN Sacrum and pelvis APLateral

24. VERTEBRAL COLUMN Coccyx AP Lateral 4 (3-5) fused vertebrae with Different shape and size Articulate at acute angle with sacrum

25. Corresponding Level Corresponding Level Landmark Landmark Cervical 1 Mastoid process (skull)1. Cervical 5 Thyroid cartilage2. Cervical 7 Vertebral prominence3. Thoracic 2-3 Suprasternal notch4. Thoracic 4-5 Sternal angle (2 inch below notch)5. Thoracic 7 (3 – 4 inches below jugular notch) Inferior angle of the scapula6. Thoracic 9-10 Xyphoid process7. Lumber 2-3 Inferior costal margin8. Lumber 4-5 Iliac crest9. Sacral 1-2 Anterior superior iliac spine10. Distal coccyx Greater trochanter11. 2.5 cm inferior to distal coccyx Symphysis public12. VERTEBRAL LEVELS

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