2. Historical Context of Abnormal Psychology and Definitions of Abnormal Behavior
Chapter 1

3. Some Terms & Definitions
Psychopathology
Prevalence - # people with the disorder at a given time
Incidence - # new cases in a given time period (# people who develop the disorder)
Prognosis – the expected course and outcome of the disorder
Etiology – causes of the disorder, how & why it developed

4. The Past: Abnormal Behavior and the Supernatural Tradition
Deviant behavior as a battle of “Good” vs. “Evil”
Deviant behavior was believed to be caused by demonic possession, witchcraft, sorcery
Mass hysteria and the church
Treatments included exorcism, snake pits, beatings, and crude surgeries
Movement of the moon and stars as a cause of deviant behavior
Paracelsus and lunacy
Both “Outer Force” views were popular during the Middle Ages
Few believed that abnormality was an illness on par with physical disease

5. trephination

6. The Past: The Biological Tradition Comes of Age
Hippocrates & Galen- 4 humors (blood, black bile,yellow bile, phlegm), melancholic, phlegmatic, choleric, hysteric personalities
General paresis (Syphilis) and the biological link with madness
Associated with several unusual psychological and behavioral symptoms
Pasteur discovered the cause – A bacterial microorganism
Led to penicillin as a successful treatment
Bolstered the view that mental illness = physical illness and should be treated as such
John Grey, MD., Psychiatrist, American Journal of Insanity. “All mental illness due to physical causes”.
Hippocrates – Brain was basis for mental illness, brain pathology, brain trauma, heredity
Galen – humoral theory (bodily fluids out of balance), led to practice of bleeding
John Grey in U.S. – view that mental illness ALWAYS result of physical illness; treat humanely as if physically ill; so until discovered cause thought to be incurable, just hospitalize for lengthy time
Moral therapy – treat as normally as possible, focus on heir individual dignity; asylum reform mid 19th century
Dorothea Dix – mental hygiene movement; improve standards of care, include homeless, immigrants, etc.

7. The Past: Consequences of the Biological Tradition
Mental Illness = Physical Illness
The 1930s: Biological treatments were standard practice
Insulin shock therapy, ECT, and brain surgery (i.e., lobotomy)
By the 1950s several medications were established
Examples include neuroleptics (i.e., reserpine) and major tranquilizers

8. Psychological Traditions
Moral Therapy & Mental Hygiene Movement (1700s – Late 1800s)
Pinel, Tuke, Rush, and Dorothea Dix
Psychoanalytic Theory (late 1800s – 1950s)
Mesmer, Charcot, Freud, psychodynamic theory, psychoanalysis
Humanistic Theory (post-WWII)
Rogers, Maslow, self-actualization
Behavioral Model (1920s – 1970s)
Watson, Pavlov, Skinner, behavior therapy
Cognitive-behavioral Model (1960s – present)
Bandura, Beck, cognitive-behavioral therapy
Freud – extended work started with Josef Breuer, studied cases in mid to late 1800s, used hypnosis and “talk therapy”, later developed his psychoanalytic model; structure of the mind (id, ego, superego), defense mechanisms, stages of psychosexual development
Later psychodynamic developments – ego psychology by Anna Freud and others, object relations theory by Melanie Klein, Otto Kernbeg; free association and dream analysis techniques
Later developments by Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, kern Horney, Erich Fromm, Erik Erikson
Carl Rogers- person-centered therapy, unconditional positive regard
Maslow – self-actualization, hierarchy of needs
Pavlov – classical conditioning; taste aversions
John Watson – operant conditioning, conditioning of fears
Mary Cover Jones – systematic desensitization
B.F. Skinner – operant conditioning, reinforcement, learning history, shaping
Albert Bandura, Aaron Beck – emphasis on cognitive aspects, social learning model