1. Plant Cells and Tissues Ch 23

2. Plant Tissue: Label and list function (s) :Epidermis, stoma, cuticle,mesophyll, vascular bundle, xylem, phloem, guard cells

3. Plant Tissues 1. Dermal Tissue (epidermis) 2. Ground Tissue 3. Vascular Tissue

4. 1. Epidermis Flattened cells Outer covering Protects body Cuticle; waxy (not on roots) Prevent water loss

5. Epidermis: DRAW AND LABEL GUARD CELLS & STOMATA Guard Cells Daytime-fill with water and Stomata open Night, guard cells _______, and Stomata ______

6. Epidermis Stomata-openings Leaves (mostly bottom)& stems Control water loss Gas Exchange Controlled by Guard Cells

7. Epidermis Root hairs-on root epidermal cells Enhance water & mineral absorption

8. 2. Vascular Tissue A) Xylem- Function: H2O & Mineral transport from root to leaves. B) Phloem- Function: Sugar & other organic material transport throughout plant body

10. 3. Ground Tissue Most of the plant tissue. Functions: photosynthesis, storage Surrounds vascular tissue

11. Plant Growth Meristems—Regions of actively dividing cells. Root shoot

12. Plant Growth Figure 35.11 This year’s growth (one year old) Last year’s growth (two years old) Growth of two years ago (three years old) One-year-old side branch formed from axillary bud near shoot apex Scars left by terminal bud scales of previous winters Leaf scar Stem Leaf scar Bud scale Axillary buds Internode Node Terminal bud Primary Secondary Wood and bark

13. How Vascular tissue is Arranged in stems Dicot stem

14. Two Classes of Angiosperms (Anthophyta) ( p. 596) Cotyledons: seed leaf Monocots—1 65, 000 species Grasses, lily, palms Dicots—2 185,000 species Tomatoe, oak, parsley

15. Monocots Dicots # of Cotyledons Leaf Vein Arrangement How flower parts are arranged Arrangement of Vascular Tissue # of Cotyledons Leaf Vein Arrangement How flower parts are arranged Arrangement of Vascular Tissue

17. Cotyledon Structure in the embryo of a seed plant that may form a ‘leaf’ after germination and is commonly known as a seed leaf. The number of cotyledons present in an embryo is an important character in the classification of flowering plants (angiosperms).angiosperms Monocotyledons (such as grasses, palms, and lilies) have a single cotyledon, whereas dicotyledons (the majority of plant species) have two. In seeds that also contain endosperm (nutritive tissue), the cotyledons are thin, but where they are the primary food-storing tissue, as in peas and beans, they may be quite large. After germination the cotyledons either remain below ground (hypogeal) or, more commonly, spread out above soil level (epigeal) and become the first green leaves. In gymnosperms there may be up to a dozen cotyledons within each seed.endosperm http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss8/monocotdicot.html

22. Plant Body *Roots *Shoots (stems, leaves)

23. Figure 35.2 Reproductive shoot (flower) Terminal bud Node Internode Terminal bud Vegetative shoot Blade Petiole Stem Leaf Taproot Lateral roots Root system Shoot system Axillary bud Plant Body

24. Plant Body--Roots 1.First Part to Grow Positive Gravitropism

25. Roots: Function Anchor Absorb water, minerals Store Nutrients

26. Prop Roots Grow Above ground Help Support Example: corn, mangrove

27. Aerial Roots Formed in and exposed to air Orchids Ivy Rainforest trees

28. Root Anatomy Root Cap Root Tip Root Hairs

29. Plant Body-Shoots Above ground parts 1. Stems Supports leaves, flowers, fruit Contain Vascular Tissue 2. Leaves Photosynthesis Thin & Flat (high SA:V) Veins ( Bundles)

30. Cuticle Guard Cells-Full- stomata open Stomata-tiny pores. –Control Water Loss –Gas Exchange

31. Stomata-open & close

32. Double Fertilization The pollen tube grows up the micropyle of the ovule, through the megasporangium and penetrates the synergid of the megagametophyte. The tip of the tube bursts and the sperm are released.pollen tubemicropyleovulemegasporangium synergidmegagametophyte A unique feature of the angiosperms is the process of "double fertilization". One sperm fuses with the egg to produce the zygote, the other sperm migrates to the central cell and fuses with the two polar nuclei (fusing nucleus) to produce the primary endosperm nucleus. With double fertilization a number of processes are initiated: 1. The zygote develops into an embryo 2. The integuments develop into a seed coat 3. The ovary develops into a fruit 4. The primary endosperm nucleus divides to form endospermThe endosperm functions as the nutritive tissue for the developing embryo and, in many cases, as the food reserve for the mature embryo during seed germinationintegumentsseed coatendosperm germination The Angiosperm Fruit (Campbell 6th Ed. 610, Table 30.1 & 792-793; 7th Ed. 598-599 & 778-779, Fig. 38.9) After fertilization the ovary component of the pistil matures into a fruit. Additional parts of the flower (e.g. the receptacle) may also contribute to the formation of the fruit (e.g. strawberry). The different types of angiosperm fruits are far too numerous and varied to be examined in any detail in this course. In general fruits may be classified as simple, aggregate or multiple ). At maturity, a given fruit may be dry or fleshy, dehiscent or indehiscent.ovarypistildehiscentindehiscent Whatever the type, the angiosperm fruit serves two important functions: 1. Protect the seeds during their maturation 2. Effectively disperse the mature seeds The chief agents in seed and fruit dispersal are wind, water and animals.

33. Seeds Fruits vary from hard and woody to soft. They can have one to multiple seeds, and hard or soft seeds. Some seeds are readily eaten (e.g. peas, nuts), while some are not (e.g. cherry pits, apple seeds). Two peanut seeds in the hard ovary (left); apple seeds in the fleshy fruit, composed partly of flower petals and sepals (right).

34. Cacti adaptations Cacti depend on chlorophyll in the outer tissue of their skin and stems to conduct photosynthesis for the manufacture of food. Spines protect the plant from animals, shade the plant from the sun and also collect moisture. Extensive shallow root systems are usually radial, allowing for the quick acquisition of large quantities of water when it rains. Because they store water in the core of both stems and roots, cacti are well-suited to dry climates and can survive years of drought on the water collected from a single rainfall. Many other desert trees and shrubs have also adapted by eliminating leaves -- replacing them with thorns, not spines -- or by greatly reducing leaf size to eliminate transpiration. Such plants also usually have smooth, green bark on stems and trunks serving to both produce food and seal in moisture, such as the Paloverde. Some plants produce ephemeral leaves during the brief rainy season to help increase transpiration and photosynthesis. Sometimes these leaves only last for one day.Paloverde