1. PLANT DIVERSITY 2 Plant Kingdom Bryophytes Ferns Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
seedless
Vascular
Seed Plants:
-- Have seeds
-- Have pollen (containing sperm)

2. PLANT KINGDOM (major groups)
MOSSES (“non-vascular”)
FERNS
GYMNOSPERMS (conifers)
ANGIOSPERMS (flowering plants)
seedless
Vascular
Seed Plants:
-- Have seeds
-- Have pollen (containing sperm)

3. Seed Plants Have: Vascular Tissue:
Functions as in ferns
Pollen: a structure that surrounds/contains sperm
Allows transport of sperm without water
Protects the sperm from drying out
Adaptations to life on dry land, can reproduce w/o water
SEEDS: a structure surrounding/containing the embryo
Protects the embryo (from drying out)
Provides food/nourishment for embryo
Promotes dispersal of embryo away from established plants—reduces competition
Pollen and Seeds are adaptations to dry land or help increase reproductive success.

4. Pine Trees & firs are Gymnosperms (specifically conifers)

5. Other Gymnosperms (specifically conifers): Junipers (cypress and cedars)

6. Cycads are Gymnosperms too

7. And Ginko Trees

8. Gnetophytes including Ephedra are also Gymnosperms

9. Gymnosperm Characteristics
Vascular Tissue and Roots
can grow large and in relatively dry places
POLLEN:
Allows fertilization/reproduction and dispersal without water
SEEDS:
protects the embryo from drying until it can germinate and promotes dispersal
We will look closer at pine trees as examples of typical gymnosperms

10. Pine Trees have…… male cones Needles (leafs) Cones
--reproductive structures
Female cone

11. Reproduction, Pollen, and Seeds in Pines
Male Cones make pollen
Pollen is dispersed by wind
wings

12. Reproduction, Pollen, and Seeds in Pines
Female cones make ovules containing the egg
scales
ovule

13. Reproduction, Pollen, and Seeds in Pines
Ovule w/ egg turns into seed after fertilization
Pine seeds have wings and are wind dispersed
Wings on pine seeds

14. What is an Angiosperm?

15. A plant with flowers

16. ...even when the flowers aren’t obvious
Angiosperms with non-showy flowers are typically wind pollinated so large colorful flowers are not needed to attract pollinators and would get in way of wind

17. Conspicuous flowers use animal pollinators: the key to Angiosperm success

18. Angiosperm Characteristics
Vascular Tissue
Can grow large and in relatively dry places
Pollen
Frequently dispersed by animals—pollinators
But also wind (and occasionally water dispersed)
Seeds
Surrounded by fruit  promotes dispersal of embryo
FLOWERS
Attract pollinators (color & scent)
Reward pollinators (nectar & pollen)
Put sex parts in same place to promote pollinations/fertilization
FRUIT—structure that surrounds the seed
Can provide protection to seed
Disperses the seed (MAIN IDEA BEHIND BENEFIT OF FRUIT)
Frequently utilizes animals
Sweet, fragrant, colorful
Dry and “clingy”

19. Angiosperm pollen
Made by anthers, allows sperm to travel to egg w/o water

20. Sperm nuclei and pollen tube

21. Fruit With Seed After fertilization: Ovule  seed
Ovary of flower  fruit

22. Fruit with seed

23. Dry Fruit

24. Fruit v. Vegetable

25. Tomato: fruit or vegetable?
…….would you put it in a fruit salad?

26. Tomato: fruit or vegetable
Botanically it is a fruit
Typically used as a vegetable for cooking/culinary purposes
US Supreme court decided that the tomato shall be considered a vegetable in Nix v. Hedden (1893) for Tariff Act of 1883
The 1887 a case came before the supreme court.
John Nix sued the collector of port of New York to recover duty (tax) paid on imported vegetables, but they argued they should not have paid because the tomato is a fruit
The U.S. Supreme Court decided on May 10, 1893 that the tomato is a vegetable, based on them generally being served with dinner as was typical for vegetables where as fruit were often used as desserts and not part of main course.
the court did not purport to reclassify the tomato for botanical or other purpose

27. Flowers: structure and function
Floral Parts:
Sepals
Petals
Stamen/anthers: (produce pollen w/ sperm)
Pistil (carpel): ovary (containing egg)

30. Additional Terms
Dioecious: separate male and female individuals/plants (organisms)
Monecious: male and female parts on same individual plants (organism)

31. Dicots v. Monocot Monocot Seed Leaves Flower parts Dicot Seed Leaves
One part/cotyledon
Leaves
parallel venation
Flower parts
Petals in multiples of three
Dicot
Seed
two parts/cotyledons
Leaves
netted venation
Flower parts
Petals in 4’s or 5’s

32. Monocot Characteristics Eudicot Characteristics
Embryos
Leaf venation
Stems
Roots
Pollen
Flowers
Monocot
Characteristics
Root system
usually fibrous
(no main root)
Floral organs
usually in
multiples
of three
One
cotyledon
Veins usually
parallel
Vascular tissue
scattered
Pollen grain
with one
opening
Eudicot
Characteristics
Figure Characteristics of monocots and eudicots
Vascular tissue
usually arranged
in ring
Floral organs
usually in
multiples of
four or five
Two
cotyledons
Veins usually
netlike
Taproot
(main root)
usually present
Pollen grain
with three
openings