1. Feeding the World Chapter 14

2. 14.1 Human Nutrition  humans need energy to carry out life processes  Growth  Movement  Tissue repair  humans are omnivores because they consume plants and animals

3. NUTRIENTS Macronutrients  provide the body with energy  measured in kilocalories (calories)  carbohydrates  proteins  fats Micronutrients  provide the body with small amounts of chemicals needed in biochemical reactions  Vitamins  Minerals

4. Carbohydrates - source of energy Simple Carbohydrates  Sugars  absorbed quickly  provide immediate energy Complex Carbohydrates  Starches  steadier, long-lasting energy

5. Protein  contains amino acids (organic molecules that contain nitrogen)  NOT recommended as a major source of energy  provide the building blocks that make up most body tissues (muscles, blood, skin, enzymes)

6. Essential Amino Acids Animals  Meat  Eggs  dairy Plants  grains (wheat, rice, corn)  legumes (peas, beans, peanuts)  must obtain 8 from foods  because some plants lack EAA, vegetarians should eat a combination of grains and legumes

7. Fats (Lipids) Solid Lipids  Fats  butter and lard Liquid Lipids  oils  Phospholipids – principle components of cell membranes  provide more than twice the amount of energy per gram as carbohydrates and proteins

8. Vitamins and Minerals Nutritional Deficiency  malnutrition is caused by a lack of a specific nutrient micronutrients

9. 14.2 World Food Supply  the food increase is a result of:  advances in agricultural practices  improvements in crop plants  traded with prices driven by economic factors

10. GREEN REVOLUTION  uses modern farming methods and machinery for planting, maintaining, and harvesting  resulted in a large increase in food production without a large increase in land usage  Not available for farmers in developing nations:  did not have the water needed  no money to buy fertilizers, fuel for machines  poor farmers received less money for their crops

11. CASH CROPS  crops grown to be exported to other nations for higher prices  produce more profit than if grown for local consumption  less locals are fed

12. FOOD FROM THE WATER  Increased harvesting of ocean fish has led to endangerment of fish species  environmentalists believe we have exceeded the limits of safe harvest in the ocean Aquaculture – controlled commercial production of fish and mollusks  alternative to fishing in the open ocean  provide much of the protein consumed by people around the world

13. 14.3 Modern Farming Techniques  changes occurred in the middle of the 20 th century

14. Industrialized Agriculture  human powered tools were replaced by large pieces of farm equipment powered by fossil fuels (fewer workers)  largely increased the number of people each U.S. farmer could feed  requires large inputs of energy, pesticides, and fertilizers  Run by agribusinesses (control stages of food production, packaging, and transport)  Use of pesticides:  Increase in resistant insects and other pests

15. Monoculture  Growing only one or two crops that commanded the highest prices  Produced large numbers of genetically identical crops  All the plants are vulnerable to the same diseases  Depletes the soil of mineral nutrients needed to grow the crop  Reduces soil fertility

16. 14.4Sustainable Agriculture  modern agriculture is driven by economics and international trade Competition has resulted in:  soil erosion  deforestation  desertification  hunger  war  global environmental damage

17. Sustainable Agriculture Regenerative Farming  to minimize the impact that food production has on the environment  based on crop rotation, reduced soil erosion, integrated pest management, and minimal use of soil additives

18. Sustainable Agriculture  Reducing erosion: soil management and careful irrigation

19. Sustainable Agriculture Crop rotation: changing the type of crop grown in an area on a regular cycle  Helps prevent depletion of mineral nutrients in the soil

20. Sustainable Agriculture Pest management:  Integrated pest management (IPM)  Reduces the use of pesticides  Makes use of natural predators of pest organisms