1. Marine Mammals Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia

2. General Characteristics Endotherms: “warm-blooded” or able to maintain a constant temperature through their metabolism Viviparous: embryo receives nutrients and oxygen through the placenta (exceptions: platypus and akidna) Mammary glands: produce milk for newborn Hair: at some point in their lives they have hair/fur. Blubber: thick layer of fat to keep warm

3. Class Pinnipedia (Pinnipeds) Seal, Sea Lions and Walruses Predators: feed mostly on squid and fish Bodies are streamlined and adapted for swimming Paddle-shaped flippers Related to dogs and cats

4. Seals Family Phocidae: True Seals Lack ear flaps (pinnae) Fore-flippers are short and have claw on each of the fine digits Hind-flippers cannot be rotated forward Swim with powerful strokes of rear flippers Use only fore-flippers on land

5. Harbor Seal Adults to left Juvenile below

6. Harp Seal

8. Elephant Seal Largest pinnipeds 20 ft long 4 tons

10. Sea Lions and Fur Seals Eared seals= have pinnae Long, hairless or only partially haired fore- flippers with splayed digits Large hind flippers; can rotate beneath the body Swim mostly with fore-flippers Can sit on land with head and neck raised.

11. California Sea Lion

12. Sea Lion Diagram

13. Fur Seals

14. Stellar Sea Lion

15. Walruses Distinct pair of protruding tusks Feeds mostly on bottom invertebrates, particularly clams Stiff whiskers act as feelers Tusks used in defense and anchor on to ice

16. Walrus

17. Sea Otter Order Carnivora Smallest marine mammals Weighs 60 to 80 lbs Lacks a layer of blubber Dense fur to keep warm Need to eat 25-30% of weight per day Eat urchins, abalone, mussles, crabs

19. Manatees and Dugongs Order Sirenia Relatives of the elephants Also known as a sea cow Herbivores Prefer warm water

20. Manatee 15 feet and 3,000 lbs Grayish in color Tail is broad and rounded 3 species Found in Florida, South America and West Africa

21. Distribution

22. Dugong 10 feet and 600 lbs Tail resembles a whales One species Found in Australia

23. Order Cetacea Three suborders: Archaeoceti- “ancient whales”; all extinct Mysticeti- “mustached whales” Odontoceti- “toothed whales”

24. 1. Suborder Mysticeti (Baleen Whales) Filter feeders, eat plankton & small fish Baleen plates- made from protein, comb/ strain plankton Largest whales- 150 tons; heart the size of a compact car; Blue whale: 103 ft. Two blowholes, create a v-shape

25. Baleen Plates

26. a. Family Balaenidae (Right Whales) Slowly swim at the surface Many (more than 200) relatively short baleen plates No throat pleats 4 species; N & S Right Whales, Pygmy, & Bowhead

27. Northern Right Whale

28. Southern Right Whale

29. Pygmy Right Whale

30. Bowhead Whale

31. b. Family Balaenopteridea (Rorguals) Take in huge gulps of water Many (more than 200) relatively short baleen plates Many (32-100) long gular grooves: throat pleats 6 species; Blue, Fin, Sei, Bryde’s, Minke, Humpback

35. Fin Whale

36. Sei Whale

37. Bryde’s Whale

38. Minke Whale

39. Humpback Whale

40. c. Eschirichtiidae (Gray Whales) Feed by scraping the bottom floor Fewer baleen plates (130-180) No dorsal fin; 6-12 prominent dorsal knuckles One species; California Gray Whale

41. Gray Whale

42. B. Suborder Odontoceti (Toothed Whales) Peg-like teeth Active hunters More social than baleen whales

43. 1.Family Physseteridae (Sperm Whales) Spermaceti- white waxy material in head mistaken for sperm Largest of the toothed whale; largest carnivore No gular grooves Dorsal fin or hump Prey on squid: Whale from Moby Dick

44. Sperm Whale

45. Size Comparison of Sperm Whale

46. 2. Family Monodontidae (Narwhal and Beluga) Melon- fatty tissue used in echolocation 8-11 irregularly shaped teeth No dorsal fin (to deal w/ sea ice or to preserve body heat) Narwhal- long tusk thought to be used as a show of dominance in males

47. Beluga Whale

48. Narwhal

49. 3. Family Ziphiidae (Beaked Whales) Reversed sexual dimorphism- females are larger than males Beak is similar to dolphins 1-2 pairs of teeth in lower jaw Feed on bottom of ocean floor Longest dive-85 minutes

50. Beaked Whales

51. 4. Family Delphinidae (Dolphins) Largest family Most intelligent Conical teeth Curved dorsal fin Includes Bottlenose, Orcas, Pacific White sided dolphins and more.

52. Bottlenose Dolphin

53. Orca (Killer Whale)

54. 5. Family Phocoenidae (porpoises) Smaller than dolphins Rounded heads, smaller beak or absent Flattened spade shaped teeth Triangular dorsal fin

55. Porpoise

56. River Dolphins (4 Families) Most Endangered Triangular, small dorsal fin Poor eyesight Long beak Mostly freshwater, one lives in brackish estuaries Found in the Ganges in India, Amazon in S.A., Yangtzee in China, and the La Plata River Dolphin in S.A.

57. Amazon River Dolphin

58. River Dolphins

59. B. Skeletal System 1.Axial skeleton a.skull- reflects lifestyle of cetacean 1. Thorax- Sternum- collapsible 2. Ribs- in odontocetes they have two heads and one or more costal cartilage for collapsing rib cage 2.Appendicular skeleton a.The development of flippers has been accompanied by an increase in the number of phalanges b.Vestigial hip bone

60. Skeletal System of a Sperm Whale

61. Vestigal Hip Bone

62. C. Soft Body Anatomy 1.Dorsal fin and Flukes- Dorsal fin highly vascularized with a counter current blood flow system- Cetaceans are capable of opening and closing arteries and veins- vasoconstriction to preserve heat.

63. 2. Blubber Varies in thickness (up to 2 feet thick in bowhead whales) Smaller whales- couple of inches Large whales- up to a foot

64. 3. Muscles Rich in myoglobin- keep oxygen level high in muscles

65. D. Feeding 1.Baleen Whales a.Open mouth wide, taking in large quantities of water, and then closing mouth- Rorquals b.By swimming through the water, mouth open- Right Whales c.By using suction created when the tongue is pressed against a plate to draw water and food into the mouth- Gray Whales

66. FOOD Plankton, copepods, krill, small fish Size and flexibility of bristles and density is related to food preference (ex. If the whale eats plankton, it has very fine and dense bristles)

67. 2. Odontocetes- toothed whales Predators FOOD- mostly fish and small animals, some seals

68. D. Swimming and Diving 1.Swimming- streamlined shape, dorsal fins, evenly distributed blubber 2.Diving- Have more blood with more red blood cells- higher concentration of oxygen Heart rate slows, blood flow to the extremities is reduced- bradycardia Collapse their lungs and rib cage squeezing the air in the lungs into the blood- to help resist high pressure

69. E. Echolocation (“sonar”) Animal emits sound waves, which travel about 5X faster in water than in air, and listens for the echoes that are reflected back from surrounding objects Clicks- high pitched sounds Melon- helps to pass clicks forward Spermaceti organ- filled with a waxy substance; buoyancy regulator or sound reflector Odontocetes use their oil filled jaw bones to receive sound and direct it to the inner ear.

70. F.Behavior Most cetaceans spend their entire lives in highly organized pods Vocalization-  Different sounds are associated with various moods and social signalings  Humpback songs- canaries of the sea, sing specific songs (vocalization)  Breaching- out of water  Stranding- swim to shallow water, it is a mystery why.

71. Migration Cold to warm waters for giving birth Feed in polar regions (krill) Follow same patterns

72. Birth and Care of Young Internal testes and penis Gestation- 9-18 months Born tail first- calf swims immediately to the surface once born Laboring mother are tended by one or more adults Cetaceans nurse with a pair of teats concealed in slits along the body wall in the female Milk- produced by mammary glands Low birth rate- one calf every three years Sexually mature at age 7 to 14 years http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/whales/anat omy/Repro.shtml http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/whales/anat omy/Repro.shtml