1. Reptiles Birds and Mammals

2. Classification Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata
Classes Agnatha
Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes
Amphibia
Reptiles
Aves
Mammalia

3. Brains
The brains of reptiles, birds and mammals are very similar except in size.

4. Parts of the brain
Cerebrum – Thinking, memory and voluntary movements.
Cerebellum – Balance and coordination
Optic – sight
Olfactory – smell
Medulla Oblongata – Basic body functions –breathing, heartbeat….

5. Reptile Examples: snakes, turtles, crocodiles, tuatara
Characteristics: claws on toes, scales made from keratin, amniote egg, most are oviparous but a few are ovoviviparous, nictitating membrane, internal fertilization, cold blooded (ectothermic), 3 ½ chamber heart.

7. Terminology Oviparous – Lays eggs (reptiles and birds)
Viviparous – Live birth (mammals)
Ovoviviparous – Has internal eggs but live birth. (garter snakes, sharks…)

8. Amniote Egg

9. Functions of Parts of Egg
Shell – protection
Chorion – Gas exchange
Amnion – protection
Allantois – waste storage
Yolk sac – food storage
Embryo - baby

10. Turtles - Testudines
Have a shell fused to the rib cage and vertebrae.

11. Snakes and Lizards - Squamata
Lack legs but a few like boa have vestigial legs, hundred of rib, reduced kidneys, reproductive organs and lungs. Everything is elongated.
They have
awesome
sense organs.

12. Poisonous Lizards
There are only two species of venomous lizards. They are the gila monster and the beaded lizard. Komodo dragons are the largest lizard. They are not venomous but their bite is deadly because of all of the bacteria in the saliva.

13. Gila Monster
Beaded
Lizard

14. Venomous Snakes
Snakes use a special organ to smell called Jacobson’s Organ.
Top 10
1. Fierce Snake 6. Beaked Sea Snake
2. Common Brown 7. Western Tiger Snake
3. Taipan 8. Giant Black Tiger Snake
4. Eastern Tiger 9. Death Adder
5. Riesvie Tiger Snake 10. Western Brown Snake

15. Crocodiles - Crocodilia
Include crocs, alligators, gavil, caimen. Have a four chamber heart.

16. Tuatara - Rhyncocephilia
Most ancient form of reptile. Three eyes (parietal eye), native to some Indonesian islands.

17. Aves: birds
Birds have feathers made from keratin, hollow bones, reduced internal organs (lighter to fly), advanced respiratory system with air sacs, four chamber heart, amniote egg with a calcium shell (oviparous), forelimbs modified into wings, no teeth, scales on the feet, and warm-bloodedness (endothermic).

18. Bird Anatomy

20. Feather

21. Types of Feathers Flight feather – used for flight – wings and tail
Contour feathers – aerodynamics – outside of body
Down feathers – warmth – next to body
Filoplume – nostrils – clean air before entering lungs

22. down feather
flight feather

23. Bird classification – flying styles
Flightless diving birds – penguins
Normal flight - eagles, robin…
Can fly backwards – hummingbirds
Only fly short distances – chickens
Flightless – ostriches, rhea, emu, kiwi

24. Beak Adaptations
Different types of food have led t differences in beak types. What type of food do these birds eat?

25. Foot types
Differences in foot design have added birds to live in different habitats.

26. Behavioral differences
Birds have different behaviors. These include nest building, aerial displays, courtship rituals and song.

29. Mammals

30. Characteristics Hair Endothermic (warm-blooded)
Mammary Glands produce milk for young
4 chamber heart
Fat layer beneath the skin
Bones in the ear
Simple jaw with complex specialized teeth

31. Feeding
Compared to reptiles, mammals must eat 10 times more food. As a result they have specialized teeth like incisors, canine teeth, molar and premolars. The types and designs of the teeth help to classify mammals.

32. Circulatory System
Mammals have a double loop circulatory system. This means that one loop takes the blood to the lungs. The other loop takes the blood out to the body.

33. Respiratory system
To inflate the lungs, muscles lift the ribcage, lower the diaphragm and suck air into the lungs.
The liver changes nitrogen wastes in the blood into urea.
Kidneys then take the urea out of the blood and expel it as urine.

34. Nervous System Mammals have the same brain parts as other animals.
Sense organs – Mammals have eyes adapted to low light, sharp sense of smell and taste and hearing.
Humans have good color vision, good hearing and poor smell and taste

35. Reproduction
Mammals have internal reproduction and live birth. Viviparous

36. Classification
Mammals are classified into three groups based on how they reproduce. These groups are monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals

37. Monotremes
Monotremes are the most primitive mammals with characteristics of reptiles and mammals.
Reptile-like = cloaca, ectothermic and lay
leathery eggs
Mammal-like = Hair, mammary glands but no nipples.
Examples: Duck billed platypus, Echidnea

38. Monotreme pictures

39. Marsupials
Mammals that have extremely immature birth and keep babies in a pouch.
Only one North American Marsupial – opossum
Other examples – kangaroo, koala, Tasmanian devil, wombat…

41. Placental Mammals
Mammals that have a placenta that they use to nourish the young in the uterus.

42. Rodentia Have two incisors per jaw that grow their entire lives
Examples: Beaver, rat, mice, squirrel

43. Lagomorpha Have four incisors per jaw that grow their entire lives.
Example: rabbit, hare

44. Edentata Lack teeth or have very small simple teeth.
Examples: anteater, sloth, armadillo

45. Artiodactyla
Even number of toes per foot and are plant eaters. Have more than one stomach.
Examples: cows, pigs, antelopes, deer, hippo, giraffe

46. Perissodactyla
Have an odd number of toes per foot. Have an appendix and one stomach.
Examples: horse, zebra, rhinoceros, tapir

47. Dermoptera Mammals that glide on skin between their legs.
Examples: flying squirrel, flying lemurs

48. Chiroptera True flying mammals. Fly on skin between their fingers.
Examples: Bats

49. Carnivora Mammals with large canine teeth. Most are meat eaters.
Examples: Hyena, lions, tigers, bear, weasels, cats, dogs

50. Cetacea Have blow hole, live in the oceans and two limbs (flippers).
Examples: Whales, dolphin

51. Sirenia
Mammals with no blow hole, two limbs and mistaken for mermaids.
Example: Manatee

52. Pinnipedia
Marine mammals with four limbs, no blow hole and are meat eaters.
Examples: seal, sea lion, walrus

53. Proboscidea
Large noses (proboscis).
Examples: Elephant

54. Insectivora
Mammals with reduced eyes, no external ears, long pointed noses.
Examples: moles, shrew

55. Primates Large brains compared to body size. Opposable thumbs.
Examples: human, apes, chimpanzee