1. Chapter 12Copyright 2002 Houghton Mifflin Company - All Rights Reserved 1 By Mona J Casady Chapter Twelve Writing and Speaking By Mona J Casady Chapter Twelve Writing and Speaking

2. Chapter 12Copyright 2002 Houghton Mifflin Company - All Rights Reserved 2 This chapter will give you tips on how to: Work in small groups for collaborative projects Organize your thoughts and compose a draft Use word processing software aids Complete a paper and learn from the results Speak to a large group

3. Chapter 12Copyright 2002 Houghton Mifflin Company - All Rights Reserved 3 Small Group Discsussions When you work in small groups, follow these guidelines: Take turns speaking; each person should get to speak. Determine the number of minutes each person can speak

4. Chapter 12Copyright 2002 Houghton Mifflin Company - All Rights Reserved 4 Small Group Discussions (cont’d) No one should monopolize the time; no one should be fully silent. Use tact in voicing an opinion or soliciting an opinion from others. Commend team members for their contributions.

5. Chapter 12Copyright 2002 Houghton Mifflin Company - All Rights Reserved 5 Collaborative Writing In working with a small group to produce a writing project, consider these guidelines: Offer to do the task that calls on your strengths. Prepare and copy a list of the members’ names, e-mail addresses, and phone numbers. Organize the project; outline who is responsible for each part of the respective deadline.

6. Chapter 12Copyright 2002 Houghton Mifflin Company - All Rights Reserved 6 Collaborative Writing (cont’d) Write the group meeting dates and times in your planner and weekly calendar. Attend all group meetings. In the event of an emergency, contact the others and catch up on the project. Do your part and meet your deadlines. Acknowledge the contributions of your team members.

7. Chapter 12Copyright 2002 Houghton Mifflin Company - All Rights Reserved 7 Writing is a process of: Interpreting the professor’s assignment Brainstorming (discovering ideas) Organizing and developing a draft Revising Editing Documenting sources High quality writing, even by professional authors, typically involves many revisions.

8. Chapter 12Copyright 2002 Houghton Mifflin Company - All Rights Reserved 8 An Outline… Is a plan that guides you in organizing your thoughts Will keep you focused on the main goals and points Can be modified as research is conducted Think of an outline as a road map leading you to your project destination by the shortest route.

9. Chapter 12Copyright 2002 Houghton Mifflin Company - All Rights Reserved 9 Some Spell Checkers Do NOT Flag as Errors… Numbers Many proper nouns (“Pittsburgh” or “Pittsburg”) Grammatical errors (“has” for “have”) Word usage errors (“knew” for “new”) Keying errors that result in a dictionary word (“you” for “your”)

10. Chapter 12Copyright 2002 Houghton Mifflin Company - All Rights Reserved 10 After Using Spell Check Proofread your document at least TWO times: –For content –For mechanics (grammar, spelling, punctuation, capitalization, and word usage) –If there are numbers, proofread a THIRD time to check them against the sources.

11. Chapter 12Copyright 2002 Houghton Mifflin Company - All Rights Reserved 11 Being Responsible In preparing written assignments, you are responsible for: Knowing how to prepare the document Accessing a computer and printer that function properly Getting any required supplies not available in the computer lab

12. Chapter 12Copyright 2002 Houghton Mifflin Company - All Rights Reserved 12 Speaking to a Large Group Prepare an introduction, a body, and a conclusion or recommendations. Organize your talk with an outline format or list of key points. Use at least one visual aid.

13. Chapter 12Copyright 2002 Houghton Mifflin Company - All Rights Reserved 13 Speaking to a Large Group Speak from note cards or half-sheets of paper containing key phrases or an outline. Wear a favorite outfit. Practice giving your speech and seek feedback from another person.

14. Chapter 12Copyright 2002 Houghton Mifflin Company - All Rights Reserved 14 DOs of Speaking Speak from an outline of key points (words and/or phrases). Speak from a list of key points (words and/or phrases). Use note cards or half sheets of paper. Glance at your notes and translate them to sentences as you look at your audience.

15. Chapter 12Copyright 2002 Houghton Mifflin Company - All Rights Reserved 15 DON’Ts of Speaking Don’t write the entire speech using full sentences and paragraphs; this produces a manuscript, which is not suitable for speaking. Don’t read the speech. Don’t memorize the speech.