1. Carbohydrates
Honors Biology

2. Objectives
Use a model to illustrate how photosynthesis transforms light energy into stored chemical energy.
Construct and revise an explanation based on evidence for how carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen from sugar molecules may combine with other elements to form amino acids and/or other large carbon-based molecules.
Use a model to illustrate that cellular respiration is a chemical process whereby the bonds of food molecules and oxygen molecules are broken and the bonds in new compounds are formed resulting in a net transfer of energy.

3. Atoms

4. Recall: Macromolecules
BIG biological molecules
Made of smaller parts
Monomers
Carbon-based (organic)
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids
Proteins
Lipids

5. Carbohydrates Monomer: monosaccharide Used for: Examples:
Short term energy
Structural support
Cell tags (antennae)
Examples:
Fun fact: many carbohydrates have names that end in -ose

6. Monosaccharides
Simple (one sugar) carbohydrates
Example: glucose

7. Disaccharides Simple (two sugars bonded) carbohydrates
Example: lactose

8. Polysaccharides Complex (many sugars bonded) carbohydrates
Example: starch, glycogen, chitin

9. Photosynthesis

10. How do we get carbohydrates?
Photosynthesis
Creates glucose (C6H12O6) from CO2, H2O and sunlight
Reactants  Products

11. Why does life depend on photosynthesis?
Autotrophs are the basis of all Earth’s ecosystems
Provide food for all organisms (directly and indirectly)
Provide O2 and remove CO2 from atmosphere

12. How does photosynthesis happen?
The Details:
Series of 2 reactions:
Light Dependent Reactions
Location: chloroplast
Purpose: harvest solar energy to prepare to make sugars
Events: chlorophyll absorbs light, H2O is split, O2 is released
Calvin Cycle
Purpose: make sugars
Events: CO2 is incorporated into C6H12O6 with H from H2O

13. Cellular Respiration

14. How do we get energy? From eating….unless you are a plant, right?
Not so fast…
Glucose (and other macromolecules) is not usable energy for cells
Glucose must be converted to usable energy (ATP)

15. ATP Adenosine triphosphate Molecule that is usable energy for cells
Energy is found in bonds between phosphate groups

16. ATP = Life’s Battery ATP is a rechargeable molecule
Energy releasing reaction:
ATP loses a P
Adenosine diphosphate is left (ADP)
Energy is released for cellular use
Energy storing reaction:
P is reattached to ADP using energy from food
ATP is made again
Energy is stored for next time cell needs it

17. How do we make ATP? Cellular respiration
Converts energy from glucose into ATP
Now cells can do work!

18. Why does life depend on cellular respiration?
Cells can’t use glucose as it is, must have ATP to function
This includes plant cells!
ALL cells must go through cellular respiration

19. How does cellular respiration happen?
The Details:
Series of 3 reactions:
Glycolysis
Location: cytoplasm
Purpose: begin breakdown of C6H12O6
Events: C6H12O6 is split, 2 ATP made
(glyco = sugar; -lysis = break)
Krebs Cycle
Location: mitochondria
Purpose: continue breakdown of C6H12O6
Events: CO2 is released, 2 ATP made
Electron Transport Chain
Purpose: complete breakdown of , C6H12O6 make ATP
Events: O2 is used, H2O is formed, ATP is made

20. Aerobic Respiration Cellular respiration with oxygen
Produces ATP per glucose

21. Anaerobic Respiration
Cellular respiration without oxygen
Much less efficient at converting glucose to ATP
Occurs in 2 steps:
1. Glycolysis
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation (animals) OR
Alcoholic Fermentation (plants)

22. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Animals
Some bacteria, some fungus
Lactic acid is produced
Why muscles are sore after a hard workout

23. Alcohol Fermentation Plants Ethanol, CO2 produced
Some bacteria, some fungus
Ethanol, CO2 produced
How yeast makes bread rise
How alcoholic beverages are produced

24. Fermentation is useful

25. Carbohydrates: Big Picture

26. We eat more than carbohydrates…