1. PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Leslie Hendon, University of Alabama, Birmingham HUMAN ANATOMY fifth edition MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM 4 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tissues PART 1

2. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tissues  Cells work together in functionally related groups called tissues  Tissue  A group of closely associated cells that perform related functions and are similar in structure

3. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Four Basic Tissue Types and Basic Functions  Epithelial tissue – covering (Chapters 4 and 5)  Connective tissue – support (Chapters 4, 5, 6, and 9)  Muscle tissue – movement (Chapters 10 and 11)  Nervous tissue – control (Chapters 12 – 16 and 25)

4. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Epithelial Tissue  Covers a body surface or lines a body cavity  Forms parts of most glands  Functions of epithelium  Protection  Absorption, secretion, and ion transport  Filtration  Forms slippery surfaces

5. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special Characteristics of Epithelia  Cellularity  Cells separated by minimal extra cellular material  Specialized contacts  Cells joined by special junctions  Polarity  Cell regions of the apical surface differ from the basal surface

6. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special Characteristics of Epithelia  Support by connective tissue  Avascular but innervated  Epithelia receive nutrients from underlying connective tissue  Regeneration  Lost cells are quickly replaced by cell division

7. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special Characteristics of Epithelia Figure 4.1

8. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classifications of Epithelia  First name of tissue indicates number of cell layers  Simple – one layer of cells  Stratified – more than one layer of cells

9. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classifications of Epithelia  Last name of tissue describes shape of cells  Squamous – cells are wider than tall (plate-like)  Cuboidal – cells are as wide as tall, like cubes  Columnar – cells are taller than they are wide, like columns

10. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classifications of Epithelia Figure 4.2

11. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Squamous Epithelium  Description – single layer – flat cells with disc- shaped nuclei  Specialized types  Endothelium (inner covering) – slick lining of hollow organs  Mesothelium (middle covering)  Lines peritoneal, pleural, pericardial cavities  Covers visceral organs of those cavities

12. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Squamous Epithelium  Function  Passage of materials by passive diffusion and filtration  Secretes lubricating substances in serosae  Location  Renal corpuscles  Alveoli of lungs  Lining of heart, blood and lymphatic vessels  Lining of ventral body cavity (serosae)

13. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Squamous Epithelium Figure 4.3a

14. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Cuboidal Epithelium  Description  Single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei  Function  Secretion and absorption  Location  Kidney tubules, secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface

15. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Figure 4.3b

16. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Columnar Epithelium  Description – single layer of column-shaped (rectangular) cells with oval nuclei  Some bear cilia at their apical surface  May contain goblet cells  Function  Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances  Ciliated type propels mucus or reproductive cells by ciliary action

17. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Columnar Epithelium  Location  Nonciliated form  Lines digestive tract, gallbladder, ducts of some glands  Ciliated form  Lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus

18. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Columnar Epithelium Figure 4.3c

19. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium  Description  All cells originate at basement membrane  Only tall cells reach the apical surface  May contain goblet cells and bear cilia  Nuclei lie at varying heights within cells  Gives false impression of stratification

20. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium  Function – secretion of mucus; propulsion of mucus by cilia  Locations  Nonciliated type  Ducts of male reproductive tubes  Ducts of large glands  Ciliated variety  Lines trachea and most of upper respiratory tract

21. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium Figure 4.3d

22. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stratified Epithelia  Properties  Contain two or more layers of cells  Regenerate from below (basal layer)  Major role is protection  Named according to shape of cells at apical layer

23. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stratified Squamous Epithelium  Description  Many layers of cells – squamous in shape  Deeper layers of cells appear cuboidal or columnar  Thickest epithelial tissue  Adapted for protection from abrasion

24. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stratified Squamous Epithelium  Two types  Keratinized and nonkeratinized  Keratinized  Location – epidermis  Contains the protective protein keratin  Waterproof  Surface cells are dead and full of keratin

25. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissue  Nonkeratinized  Forms moist lining of body openings

26. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stratified Squamous Epithelium  Function – Protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion  Location  Keratinized – forms epidermis  Nonkeratinized – forms lining of mucous membranes  Esophagus  Mouth  Anus  Vagina  Urethra

27. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stratified Squamous Epithelium Figure 4.3e

28. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium  Description – generally two layers of cube-shaped cells  Function – protection  Location  Forms ducts of  Mammary glands  Salivary glands  Largest sweat glands

29. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium Figure 4.3f

30. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stratified Columnar Epithelium  Description – several layers; basal cells usually cuboidal; superficial cells elongated  Function – protection and secretion  Location  Rare tissue type  Found in male urethra and large ducts of some glands

31. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stratified Columnar Epithelium Figure 4.3g

32. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Transitional Epithelium  Description  Basal cells usually cuboidal or columnar  Superficial cells dome-shaped or squamous  Function – stretches and permits distension of urinary bladder  Location  Lines  Ureters, urinary bladder  Proximal urethra

33. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Transitional Epithelium Figure 4.3h

34. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Exocrine Glands  Ducts carry products of exocrine glands to epithelial surface  Include the following diverse glands  Mucus-secreting glands  Sweat and oil glands  Salivary glands  Liver and pancreas

35. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Unicellular Exocrine Glands (The Goblet Cell)  Goblet cells produce mucin  Mucin + water  mucus  Protects and lubricates many internal body surfaces  Goblet cells are a unicellular exocrine gland

36. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Goblet Cells Figure 4.5

37. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Multicellular Exocrine Glands  Have two basic parts  Epithelium-walled duct  Secretory unit

38. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Multicellular Exocrine Glands  Classified by structure of duct  Simple  Compound  Categorized by secretory unit  Tubular  Alveolar  Tubuloalveolar

39. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Multicellular Exocrine Glands Figure 4.6

40. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Endocrine Glands  Endocrine glands are ductless glands  Secrete substances directly into bloodstream  Produce molecules called hormones

41. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lateral Surface Features – Cell Junctions  Factors holding epithelial cells together  Adhesion proteins link plasma membranes of adjacent cells  Contours of adjacent cell membranes  (Like puzzle pieces)  Special cell junctions

42. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lateral Surface Features – Cell Junctions  Tight junctions (zona occludens) – close off intercellular space  Found at apical region of most epithelial tissues types  Some proteins in plasma membrane of adjacent cells are fused  Prevent certain molecules from passing between cells of epithelial tissue

43. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tight Junction Figure 4.7a

44. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lateral Surface Features – Cell Junctions  Adherens junctions (zonula adherens) – anchoring junction  Transmembrane linker proteins attach to actin microfilaments of the cytoskeleton and bind adjacent cells  With tight junctions, form the tight junctional complex around apical lateral borders of epithelial tissues

45. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lateral Surface Features – Cell Junctions  Desmosomes – two disclike plaques connected across intercellular space  Plaques of adjoining cells are joined by proteins called cadherins  Regulate cell shape/structure by cell-cell interactions  Class of calcium-dependent adhesion molecules

46. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lateral Surface Features – Cell Junctions  Proteins interdigitate into extracellular space  Intermediate filaments insert into plaques from cytoplasmic side  Also found in the heart

47. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Desmosome Figure 4.7b

48. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lateral Surface Features – Cell Junctions  Gap junctions – passageway between two adjacent cells  Let small molecules move directly between neighboring cells  Cells are connected by hollow cylinders of protein  Function in intercellular communication

49. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gap Junction Figure 4.7c

50. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Basal Feature: The Basal Lamina  Noncellular supporting sheet between the ET and the CT deep to it  Consists of proteins secreted by ET cells

51. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Basal Feature: The Basal Lamina  Functions  Acts as a selective filter, determining which molecules from capillaries enter the epithelium  Acts as scaffolding along which regenerating ET cells can migrate  Basal lamina and reticular layers of the underlying CT deep to it form the basement membrane

52. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Epithelial Surface Features  Apical surface features  Microvilli – fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane  Abundant in ET of small intestine and kidney  Maximize surface area across which small molecules enter or leave  Act as stiff knobs that resist abrasion

53. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Epithelial Surface Features  Apical surface features  Cilia – whiplike, highly motile extensions of apical surface membranes  Contains a core of nine pairs of microtubules encircling one middle pair  Axoneme – a set of microtubules  Each pair of microtubules – arranged in a doublet  Microtubules in cilia – arranged similarly to cytoplasmic organelles called centrioles  Movement of cilia – in coordinated waves

54. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings A Cilium Figure 4.8

55. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classes of Connective Tissue  Most diverse and abundant tissue  Main classes  Connective tissue proper  Cartilage  Bone tissue  Blood  Cells separated by large amount of extracellular matrix  Common embryonic origin – mesenchyme  Extracellular matrix is composed of ground substance

56. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Proper  Has two subclasses  Loose connective tissue  Areolar, adipose, and reticular  Dense connective tissue  Dense irregular, dense regular, and elastic

57. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classes of Connective Tissue Figure 4.9

58. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Areolar Connective Tissue – A Model Connective Tissue  Areolar connective tissue  Underlies epithelial tissue  Surrounds small nerves and blood vessels  Has structures and functions shared by other CT  Borders all other tissues in the body  Is a “model” connective tissue – why?

59. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Major Functions of Connective Tissue  Structures within areolar CT and function  Support and binding of other tissues  Holding body fluids (interstitial fluid  lymph)  Defending body against infection  Storing nutrients as fat

60. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Areolar Connective Tissue  Fibers provide support  Three types of protein fibers in extracellular matrix  Collagen fibers  Reticular fibers  Elastic fibers  Fibroblasts produce these fibers

61. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Areolar Connective Tissue  Description  Gel-like matrix with all three fiber types  Cells of areolar CT  Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and white blood cells  Function  Wraps and cushions organs  Holds and conveys tissue fluid  Important role in inflammation

62. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Areolar Connective Tissue  Locations  Widely distributed under epithelia  Packages organs  Surrounds capillaries

63. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Areolar Connective Tissue Figure 4.12b

64. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Areolar Connective Tissue  Tissue fluid (interstitial fluid)  Watery fluid occupying extracellular matrix  Tissue fluid derives from blood  Ground substance  Viscous, spongy part of extracellular matrix  Consists of sugar and protein molecules  Made and secreted by fibroblasts

65. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Areolar Connective Tissue  Main battlefield in fight against infection  Defenders gather at infection sites  Macrophages  Plasma cells  Mast cells  White blood cells  Neutrophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils

66. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Adipose Tissue  Description  Closely packed adipocytes  Have nucleus pushed to one side by fat droplet

67. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Adipose Tissue  Function  Provides reserve food fuel  Insulates against heat loss  Supports and protects organs  Location  Under skin  Around kidneys  Behind eyeballs, within abdomen and in breasts

68. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Adipose Tissue Figure 4.12c

69. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reticular Connective Tissue  Description – network of reticular fibers in loose ground substance  Function – form a soft, internal skeleton (stroma) – supports other cell types  Location – lymphoid organs  Lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen

70. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reticular Connective Tissue Figure 4.12d

71. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dense Connective Tissue  Dense irregular connective tissue  Dense regular connective tissue  Elastic connective tissue

72. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dense Irregular Connective Tissue  Description  Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers  Some elastic fibers and fibroblasts

73. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dense Irregular Connective Tissue  Function  Withstands tension  Provides structural strength  Location  Dermis of skin  Submucosa of digestive tract  Fibrous capsules of joints and organs

74. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Figure 4.12e

75. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dense Regular Connective Tissue  Description  Primarily parallel collagen fibers  Fibroblasts and some elastic fibers  Poorly vascularized

76. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dense Regular Connective Tissue  Function  Attaches muscle to bone  Attaches bone to bone  Withstands great stress in one direction  Location  Tendons and ligaments  Aponeuroses  Fascia around muscles

77. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dense Regular Connective Tissue Figure 4.12f

78. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Elastic Connective Tissue  Description  Elastic fibers predominate  Function – allows recoil after stretching  Location  Within walls of arteries, in certain ligaments, and surrounding bronchial tubes

79. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Elastic Connective Tissue Figure 4.12g

80. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Other Connective Tissues  Cartilage  Bone  Blood

81. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cartilage  Firm, flexible tissue  Contains no blood vessels or nerves  Matrix contains up to 80% water  Cell type – chondrocyte

82. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Cartilage  Hyaline cartilage  Elastic cartilage  Fibrocartilage

83. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hyaline Cartilage  Description  Imperceptible collagen fibers (hyaline = glassy)  Chodroblasts produce matrix  Chondrocytes lie in lacunae

84. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hyaline Cartilage  Function  Supports and reinforces  Resilient cushion  Resists repetitive stress

85. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hyaline Cartilage  Location  Fetal skeleton  Ends of long bones  Costal cartilage of ribs  Cartilages of nose, trachea, and larynx

86. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hyaline Cartilage Figure 4.12h

87. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Elastic Cartilage  Description  Similar to hyaline cartilage  More elastic fibers in matrix

88. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Elastic Cartilage  Function  Maintains shape of structure  Allows great flexibility  Location  Supports external ear  Epiglottis

89. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Elastic Cartilage Figure 4.12i

90. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fibrocartilage  Description  Matrix similar but less firm than hyaline cartilage  Thick collagen fibers predominate  Function  Tensile strength and ability to absorb compressive shock

91. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fibrocartilage  Location  Intervertebral discs  Pubic symphysis  Discs of knee joint

92. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fibrocartilage Figure 4.12j

93. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone Tissue  Description  Calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers  Osteoblasts – secrete collagen fibers and matrix  Osteocytes – mature bone cells in lacunae  Well vascularized

94. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone Tissue  Function  Supports and protects organs  Provides levers and attachment site for muscles  Stores calcium and other minerals  Stores fat  Marrow is site for blood cell formation  Location  Bones

95. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone Tissue Figure 4.12k

96. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Tissue  An atypical connective tissue  Develops from mesenchyme  Consists of cells surrounded by nonliving matrix

97. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Tissue  Description  Red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix  Function  Transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes  Location  Within blood vessels

98. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Tissue Figure 4.12l

99. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Covering and Lining Membranes  Combine epithelial tissues and connective tissues  Cover broad areas within body  Consist of epithelial sheet plus underlying connective tissue

100. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Three Types of Membranes  Cutaneous membrane – skin  Mucous membrane  Lines hollow organs that open to surface of body  An epithelial sheet underlain with layer of lamina propria

101. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Three Types of Membranes  Serous membrane – slippery membranes  Simple squamous epithelium lying on areolar connective tissue  Line closed cavities  Pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial cavities

102. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Covering and Lining Membranes Figure 4.13a, b

103. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Covering and Lining Membranes Figure 4.13c

104. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscle Tissue  Skeletal muscle tissue  Cardiac muscle tissue  Smooth muscle tissue

105. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Muscle Tissue  Description  Long, cylindrical cells  Multinucleate  Obvious striations

106. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Muscle Tissue  Function  Voluntary movement  Manipulation of environment  Facial expression  Location  Skeletal muscles attached to bones (occasionally to skin)

107. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Muscle Tissue Figure 4.14a

108. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cardiac Muscle Tissue  Description  Branching cells, striated  Generally uninucleate  Cells interdigitate at intercalated discs

109. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cardiac Muscle Tissue  Function  Contracts to propel blood into circulatory system  Location  Occurs in walls of heart

110. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cardiac Muscle Tissue Figure 4.14b

111. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Smooth Muscle Tissue  Description  Spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei  Arranged closely to form sheets  No striations

112. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Smooth Muscle Tissue  Function  Propels substances along internal passageways  Involuntary control  Location  Mostly walls of hollow organs

113. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Smooth Muscle Tissue Figure 4.14c

114. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervous Tissue  Description  Main components are brain, spinal cord, and nerves  Contains two types of cells  Neurons – excitatory cells  Supporting cells (neuroglial cells)

115. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervous Tissue  Function  Transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors  Location  Brain, spinal cord, and nerves

116. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervous Tissue Figure 4.15

117. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tissue Response to Injury  Inflammatory response  Nonspecific, local response  Limits damage to injury site  Immune response  Takes longer to develop and very specific  Destroys particular microorganisms at site of infection

118. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inflammation  Acute inflammation  Heat  Redness  Swelling  Pain  Chemicals signal nearby blood vessels to dilate  Histamine increases permeability of capillaries

119. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inflammation  Edema – accumulation of fluid  Helps dilute toxins secreted by bacteria  Brings oxygen and nutrients from blood  Brings antibodies from blood to fight infection

120. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Repair  Regeneration  Replacement of destroyed tissue with same type of tissue  Fibrosis  Proliferation of scar tissue  Organization  Clot is replaced by granulation tissue

121. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Capacity for Regenation  Good – excellent:  ET, bone CT, areolar CT, dense irregular CT, and blood forming CT  Moderate:  Smooth muscle, dense regular CT

122. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Capacity for Regenation  Weak:  Skeletal MT, cartilage  None or almost none:  Cardiac MT, Nervous Tissue

123. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tissue Repair of a Skin Wound Figure 4.16a

124. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tissue Repair of a Skin Wound Figure 4.16b

125. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tissue Repair of a Skin Wound Figure 4.16c

126. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Tissues Throughout Life  At the end of second month of development  Primary tissue types have appeared  Major organs are in place  Adulthood  Only a few tissues regenerate  Many tissues still retain populations of stem cells

127. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Tissues Throughout Life  With increasing age  Epithelia thin  Collagen decreases  Bones, muscles, and nervous tissue begin to atrophy  Poor nutrition and poor circulation – poor health of tissues