1. Lecture Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor Florence-Darlington Technical College Chapter 5 The Skeletal System © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

2. Components of The Skeletal System Two subdivisions of the skeleton 1.Axial skeleton 2.Appendicular skeleton Parts that make up the skeletal system – Bones (skeleton) – Joints – Cartilages – Ligaments

3. Structure determines function Bone anatomy reflects the demands placed on the bone: – Compression – Tension/Pulling forces – Storage compartments

4. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Functions of Bones Support the body Protect soft organs – Skull and vertebrae protect brain and spinal cord – Rib cage protects thoracic cavity organs Attach skeletal muscles to allow movement Store minerals and fats – Calcium and phosphorus – Fat in the internal marrow cavity Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)

5. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Bones of the Human Body The adult skeleton has 206 bones Two basic types of bone tissue – (What type of tissue makes bone?) 1.Compact bone Dense, smooth, and homogeneous Provides storage and strength 2.Spongy bone Small needle-like pieces of bone Many open spaces Provides flexibility while being strong and lightweight

6. Figure 5.1 Flat bones consist of a layer of spongy bone sandwiched between two thin layers of compact bone. Spongy bone Compact bone

7. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Bones Bones are classified on the basis of shape, as: – Long – Short – Flat – Irregular

8. Figure 5.2 Classification of bones on the basis of shape. (a) Long bone (humerus) (b) Irregular bone (vertebra), right lateral view (d) Short bone (talus) (c) Flat bone (sternum)

9. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Bones Long bones – Typically longer than they are wide – Shaft with heads situated at both ends – Contain mostly compact bone – All of the bones of the limbs (except wrist, ankle, and kneecap bones) are long bones – Examples: Femur, tibia, fibula Humerus, radius, ulna

10. Figure 5.2a Classification of bones on the basis of shape. (a) Long bone (humerus)

11. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Bones Short bones – Generally cube-shaped – Contain mostly spongy bone – Include bones of the wrist and ankle – Sesamoid bones are a type of short bone that form within tendons (patella) – Examples: Carpals Tarsals

12. Figure 5.2d Classification of bones on the basis of shape. (d) Short bone (talus)

13. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Bones Flat bones – Thin, flattened, and usually curved – Two thin layers of compact bone surround a layer of spongy bone – Examples: Skull Ribs Sternum

14. Figure 5.1 Flat bones consist of a layer of spongy bone sandwiched between two thin layers of compact bone. Spongy bone Compact bone

15. Figure 5.2c Classification of bones on the basis of shape. (c) Flat bone (sternum)

16. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Bones Irregular bones – Irregular shape – Do not fit into other bone classification categories – Examples: Vertebrae Hip bones

17. Figure 5.2b Classification of bones on the basis of shape. (b) Irregular bone (vertebra), right lateral view

18. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Concept Link