2. AP Biology Time and the Fossil Record

3. AP Biology Where are fossils found?  Sedimentary Rock made of sand, dust, mud= Sandstone, Limestone and Shale.

4. AP Biology Types of Fossils  Premineralization: Petrified forest  Natural Casts and molds  Trace Fossils: Nests, Leaves, Footprints  Amber-preserved fossils: Amber  Preserved remains: Ice

5. AP Biology Fossils Radiometric Dating

6. AP Biology 2007-2008 Origin of Life “…sparked by just the right combination of physical events & chemical processes…”

7. AP Biology BacteriaArchae- bacteria AnimaliaFungiProtistaPlantae 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 500 1500 0 1000 Formation of earth Molten-hot surface of earth becomes cooler Oldest definite fossils of prokaryotes Appearance of oxygen in atmosphere Oldest definite fossils of eukaryotes First multicellular organisms Appearance of animals and land plants Colonization of land by animals Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic Millions of years ago ARCHEAN PRECAMBRIAN PROTEROZOIC The evolutionary tree of life can be documented with evidence. The Origin of Life on Earth is another story… The evolutionary tree of life can be documented with evidence. The Origin of Life on Earth is another story…

8. AP Biology What is Life?  First we have to define LIFE…  organized as cells  respond to stimuli  regulate internal processes  homeostasis  use energy to grow  metabolism  develop  change & mature within lifetime  reproduce  heredity  DNA / RNA  adaptation & evolution

9. AP Biology The Origin of Life is Hypothesis  Special Creation  Was life created by a supernatural or divine force?  not testable  Extraterrestrial Origin  Was the original source of organic (carbon) materials comets & meteorites striking early Earth?  testable  Spontaneous Abiotic Origin  Did life evolve spontaneously from inorganic molecules?  testable

10. AP Biology Conditions on early Earth  Reducing atmosphere  water vapor (H 2 O), CO 2, N 2, NO x, H 2, NH 3, CH 4, H 2 S  lots of available H & its electron  no free oxygen  Energy source  lightning, UV radiation, volcanic low O 2 = organic molecules do not breakdown as quickly What’s missing from that atmosphere?

11. AP Biology Water vapor Condensed liquid with complex, organic molecules Condenser Mixture of gases ("primitive atmosphere") Heated water ("ocean") Electrodes discharge sparks (lightning simulation) Water Origin of Organic Molecules  Abiotic synthesis  1920 Oparin & Haldane propose reducing atmosphere hypothesis  1953 Miller & Urey test hypothesis  formed organic compounds  amino acids  adenine CH 4 NH 3 H2H2

12. AP Biology Stanley Miller University of Chicago produced -amino acids -hydrocarbons -nitrogen bases -other organics It ’ s ALIVE!

13. AP Biology Bubbles … Tiny bubbles … Origin of Cells (Protobionts)  Bubbles  separate inside from outside  metabolism & reproduction

14. AP Biology Origin of Genetics  RNA is likely first genetic material  multi-functional  codes information  self-replicating molecule  makes inheritance possible  natural selection & evolution  enzyme functions: ribozymes  regulatory molecule  transport molecule  tRNA & mRNA Dawn of natural selection ribozyme

15. AP Biology Key Events in Origin of Life  Key events in evolutionary history of life on Earth  life originated 3.5–4.0 bya

16. AP Biology Prokaryotes  Prokaryotes dominated life on Earth from 3.5–2.0 bya 3.5 billion year old fossil of bacteria modern bacteria chains of one-celled cyanobacteria

17. AP Biology Stromatolites Fossilized mats of prokaryotes resemble modern microbial colonies Lynn Margulis

18. AP Biology Oxygen atmosphere  Oxygen begins to accumulate 2.7 bya  reducing  oxidizing atmosphere  evidence in banded iron in rocks = rusting  makes aerobic respiration possible  photosynthetic bacteria (blue-green algae)

19. AP Biology First Eukaryotes  Development of internal membranes  create internal micro-environments  advantage: specialization = increase efficiency  natural selection! infolding of the plasma membrane DNA cell wall plasma membrane Prokaryotic cell Prokaryotic ancestor of eukaryotic cells Eukaryotic cell endoplasmic reticulum (ER) nuclear envelope nucleus plasma membrane ~2 bya

20. AP Biology Endosymbiosis Ancestral eukaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell with mitochondrion internal membrane system aerobic bacterium mitochondrion Endosymbiosis  Evolution of eukaryotes  origin of mitochondria  engulfed aerobic bacteria, but did not digest them  mutually beneficial relationship  natural selection!

21. AP Biology mitochondrion chloroplast Eukaryotic cell with chloroplast & mitochondrion Endosymbiosis photosynthetic bacterium Endosymbiosis  Evolution of eukaryotes  origin of chloroplasts  engulfed photosynthetic bacteria, but did not digest them  mutually beneficial relationship  natural selection! Eukaryotic cell with mitochondrion

22. AP Biology  Evidence  structural  mitochondria & chloroplasts resemble bacterial structure  genetic  mitochondria & chloroplasts have their own circular DNA, like bacteria  functional  mitochondria & chloroplasts move freely within the cell  mitochondria & chloroplasts reproduce independently from the cell Theory of Endosymbiosis Lynn Margulis

23. AP Biology How did diversity continue to increase?  Sexual Reproduction.  Genetic variation. How?  Independent assortment  Segregation  Crossover  Natural selection

24. AP Biology How did multicellular life emerge?  Paleozoic era: Life moved on to land. 544- 248 million years ago. 90% marine and 70% of land species became extinct. First vertebrates and early plants.  Amphibians common  Cambrian explosion: period in which animal life evolved quickly  Carboniferous period: coal came from

25. AP Biology Cambrian explosion  Diversification of Animals  within 10–20 million years most of the major phyla of animals appear in fossil record 543 mya

26. AP Biology

28. What was the Mesozoic era known for?  248-65 million years ago.  Age of the Reptiles: Dinosaurs, birds, flowering plants, first mammals, sharks, bony fish  Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous  Mass extinction from meteorite strike?

29. AP Biology The Chicxulub impact crater in the Caribbean Sea near the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico indicates an asteroid or comet struck the earth and changed conditions 65 million years ago Cretaceous extinction

30. AP Biology What was the Cenozoic era known for?  65 million years ago to present.  Tertiary period: Monotremes and placental mammals evolved  Quaternary period (1.8 million years ago to present. Echidna

31. AP Biology Diversity of life & periods of mass extinction Cambrian explosion

32. AP Biology Primate evolution: When, What, Where?  65 mya Cretaceous period.  Mammals with flexible hands and feet, eyes forward, large brains, arms can rotate in a circle  Prosimians: oldest primate group: lemurs, tarsiers

33. AP Biology What came next?  Anthropoids:  New world monkeys: Native to America, live in trees. Prehensile tails.  Old world monkeys: Trees and ground feeders. Larger brains.  Hominoids:  Apes: Orangutans, Chimps, gorillas  Hominids: Opposable thumb, walk upright (bipedal). All human species (including extinct groups). 100,000 yrs ago= modern humans. Genus: Homo. Homo habilis 1 st.

34. AP Biology Classifying Life  Molecular data challenges 5 Kingdoms  Monera was too diverse  2 distinct lineages of prokaryotes  Protists are still too diverse  not yet sorted out

35. AP Biology 3 Domain system  Domains = “Super” Kingdoms  Bacteria  Archaea  extremophiles = live in extreme environments  methanogens  halogens  thermophiles  Eukarya  eukaryotes  protists  fungi  plants  animals

36. AP Biology Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Archaebacteria Kingdom Bacteria

37. AP Biology 2008-2009 Any Questions?? Is there life elsewhere? Does it look like life on Earth?