1. Chapter 11
Section 2
The Mongol Empire

2. Key Terms
Khan
Genghis Khan
Pax Mongolia
Kublai Kahn
Marco Polo

3. Nomads and the Asia Steppe
Two Eurasia steppes
Land trade route connector
Home to nomadic people
Plunder
Loot
Conquer their neighbors

4. Geography of the Steppe
Western steppe central Asia
Home to the Hittites
Eastern steppe
Home to Huns, Turks and Mongols
Very little rain
Temps from -57 to 96
Climate milder in west

5. The Nomadic Way of Life Pastoralists-herded domestic animals
Searching for food
Followed seasonal patterns
Battles arose over water rights
Asian nomads lived on horsback

6. The Nomadic Way of Life Depended on animals for
Food
Clothing
Housing
Diet was meat and maer’s milk
Clothing of skins and wool
Lived in tents called yurts

7. Nomadic Way of Life Clans- kinship groups that traveled together
Descended from a common ancestor
Khan- chief or leader of a clan

8. Steppes, Nomads and Settled Societies
Peaceful trade
Exchanged horses for grain, metal and cloth
Prided themselves on toughness
Took what they wanted from towns people
Nomadic people eventually become part of who they conquer

9. The Rise of the Mongols Roamed the eastern steppe
Temujin unites the Mongols
1206 accepts name Genghis Khan- universal ruler
21 years led the Mongols to conquer much of Asia

10. The Rise of Mongols Muslims murder traders and Ambassadors of Khan.
Launches campaign of terror across Central Asia
Destroy one city after another
1225 Central Asia under Mongol control

11. Genghis the Conquer Brilliant organizer Gifted strategists
Armies of 10,000
1,000 man brigades
100 man companies
10 man squads
Gifted strategists
Tricks to confuse the enemy
Small group draw in opposing army

12. Genghis the Conqueror Cruelty as a weapon Terrifying into surrender
Don’t open gates, kill whole population
Most towns surrender
“In most countries that have not yet been overrun by them, everyone spends the night afraid they may appear there too”

13. The Mongol Empire Genghis Khan died 1227
Successors conquered from China to Poland
Largest unified empire in history

14. The Khanates Sons and grandsons continued conquests
Leveled Kiev, China, Korea, close to Venice
1250 halted westward expansion

15. The Khanates 1260 divided into four regions or khanates
Khanate of the great Khan (China, Mongolia)
Khanate of Chagatai
Ikhanate (Persia)
Khanate of the Golden Horde (Russia)

16. The Mongols as Rulers Populations of some cities were wiped out
Destroyed ancient irrigation systems
Tolerant in peace
Adopted some of existing cultures
Some became Muslims
Led to further splits

17. The Mongol Peace Pax Mongolica-1200- 1300’s stability and law
Safe passage of trade caravans, travelers and missionaries
Trade between Europe and Asia increased
Bubonic plague possibly came from the Mongols

18. Kublai Khan Rules China
Tried to gain loyalty of Chinese subjects
Did not force Chinese to adopt Mongol life
Moved capitol from Mongolia to Beijing
Adopted Chinese ceremonies

19. Kublai Kahn Rules China
Mongols lived apart from the Chinese
Friendships were discouraged
Intermarriage was forbidden
Chines not allowed to have weapons or serve in the military
Different laws for Mongols and Chinese

20. Kublai Kahn Rules China
Distrusted Chinese and limited their power
Chinese officials serveda t the local level
Invited foreigners to hold government offices
Burdened Chinese with heavy taxes and laborers

21. Foreign Trade Built enormous ships to improve trade
Welcomed foreign merchants
Offered traders special privileges
Merchants ands missionaries came to China

22. Marco Polo Italain trader from Venice Kublia Kahn liked him
Sent Polo on missions for 17 years
Polo captured back in Italy
Told prisoners of his adventures

23. Marco Polo Described grand palaces Walls covered in giold and silver
Chinese postal system
Use of paper money
Size and splendor of China

24. End of Yuan Dynasty Kublai Kahn had invaded Southeast Asia
Suffered huge losses
900 Mongol ships attacked Japan
Most ships destroyed in a storm
Tried again with a larger fleet

25. End of the Yuan Dynasty Kamikaze- divine wind
Destroyed the fleet both times
Ecomony weak because of too much spending
After Khan’s death power struggle ensued