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Jonathan Lloyd School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences The University of Manchester Geomicrobiology.co.uk jon.lloyd@manchester.ac.uk Land Bioremediation and Bionanotechnology Industrial Uses of Bacteria 19 May 2010 - IOM 3, London
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Plan Introduction to “Geomicrobiology” & “Bionanotechnology” Nanomaterials for remediation Microbial iron cycling and the production of functional nanomaterials –Bionanomagnetite production –Incorporation of trace elements; Co ferrites –Treatment of metals (Cr(VI)/Tc(VII)) –Treatment of organics (azo dyes, nitrobenzene, TCE) –Novel, multifunctional catalysts with precious metal coatings Future research
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Geomicrobiology Microbial ecology Microbial physiology Biochemistry Molecular biology Systems biology Geochemistry Inorganic chemistry Mineralogy Isotope chemistry Environmental/civil engineering Biology Science / engineering Geomicrobiology “The role microbes play or have played in geological processes” Ehrlich, 1996 PhysicsComputation
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Geomicrobiology Includes The origin of life Life on other planets The control of Earth’s chemistry Environmental mobility of metals, radionuclides and organics Bioremediation Bionanotechnology
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Nanotechnology “engineering and manufacturing at nanometer scales, with atomic precision” Bionanotechnology “subset of nanotechnology; atomic level engineering and manufacturing using biological precedents for guidance” Goodsell (2004) “Bionanotechnology: Lessons from Nature” Emphasis; vision of precision assembly of complex large-scale systems incorporating biomolecular devices. Interfaces with “Synthetic Biology” Manchester Geomicrobiology Group has focused on engineering biominerals to augment bioremediation potential of subsurface bacteria
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Environmental nanotechnology
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Environmental Bionanotechnology
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Dissimilatory metal reduction Focus of Manchester Geomicrobiology group Mechanisms Environmental impact Biotechnological applications
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Microbial metal reduction Widely distributed through prokaryotic world Transition metals, metalloids, actinides Dissimilatory and resistance processes
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Metal reduction; mechanisms Electron transfer mechanisms in Fe(III)-reducing bacteria e.g. Geobacter (proteins, genes, secreted mediators) Mechanisms of reduction of trace elements and radionuclides Development of molecular scale model for electron transfer to mineral surfaces
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Metal reduction; environmental impact From Islam et al. 2004 Nature 430 68-71 Mobilisation of As(III) by metal-reducing bacteria
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Metal reduction; environmental impact Biogeochemistry of radionuclides Organics or H 2 CO 2 and/or H 2 O Soluble U(VI) Insoluble U(IV) e- Drigg nuclear repository
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Functional bionanominerals Bionano-ferrite spinels – ‘designer’ nanomagnets Precious metal (Pd, Ag, Au) and Fe-based catalytic bionanoparticles Bionano-chalcogenides - diluted magnetic semiconductors and quantum dots Pd Magnetite supported Bionano magnetite catalyst
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Why are magnetic nanoparticles important? magnetic data storage catalysis biosensors drug delivery cancer therapy magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) environmental remediation
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Magnetite bioproduction Geobacter sulfurreducens Examples with trace metals added to system during or after magnetite production
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Incorporation of trace elements Bioengineering Co ferrites
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X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism Element, site and symmetry selective ; quantitative information on site occupancies in magnetic minerals. Inverse spinel structure of magnetite is Fe 3+ [Fe 2+ Fe 3+ ]O 4 (see left). tet=tetrahedral, oct=octahedral site. Possible to substitute Fe 2+ with other transition metals (and change the magnetic properties of the spinel) Octahedral sites Tetrahedral sites Oxygen Fe 2+ Oct Fe 3+ Tet Fe 3+ Oct Tet[oct] 0.9000.9661.134Fe 0.97 [Fe 2.03 ]O 4 Occupancies of Geobacter magnetite
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Geobacter sulfurreducens Cobalt-substituted magnetites
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