1. An Ounce of Prevention  2000, 2005, 2011 The Curators of the University of Missouri Chapter 1 Birth Defects

2. An Ounce of Prevention  2000, 2005, 2011 The Curators of the University of Missouri An Ounce of Prevention  2000, 2005, 2011 The Curators of the University of Missouri An Ounce of Prevention Addressing Health Issues of Adolescents and Young Adults

3. An Ounce of Prevention  2000, 2005, 2011 The Curators of the University of Missouri Chapter 1 Birth Defects Can it happen to my baby? Practical problem: How do I make lifestyle choices to avoid preventable birth defects?

4. An Ounce of Prevention  2000, 2005, 2011 The Curators of the University of Missouri Key concepts 1.Risks and prenatal development during preimplantation, embryonic and fetal periods 2.Causes of birth defects definition and frequency chromosomal genetic teratogenic multifactorial 3. Impact of birth defects medical emotional family financial societal

5. An Ounce of Prevention  2000, 2005, 2011 The Curators of the University of Missouri Objectives 1.Define birth defect. 2.Relate the genetic and environmental factors to birth defects. 3.Analyze periods of development and associated risks. 4.Evaluate the impact of birth defects.

6. An Ounce of Prevention  2000, 2005, 2011 The Curators of the University of Missouri Rationale Birth defects affect 3 to 4 percent of infants and are the leading cause of prenatal and infant mortality in the United States. 20 percent of all infant deaths are the result of birth defects. This chapter provides general information on birth defects, their respective causes and impact, and developmental periods during pregnancy.

7. An Ounce of Prevention  2000, 2005, 2011 The Curators of the University of Missouri What are birth defects? Abnormally formed organ or body part also known as malformation or congenital anomaly Occur as major and minor anomalies Internal or external Present at birth Sometimes detected later

8. An Ounce of Prevention  2000, 2005, 2011 The Curators of the University of Missouri How common are birth defects? About 4 percent of the population Present at birth in 33 of every 1,000 babies Additional children are diagnosed by age 5 The leading cause of infant death

9. An Ounce of Prevention  2000, 2005, 2011 The Curators of the University of Missouri Five causes of birth defects 1.Genetic (hereditary) 2.Chromosomal missing or extra genetic material 3.Teratogen 4.Multifactorial 5.Other causes

10. An Ounce of Prevention  2000, 2005, 2011 The Curators of the University of Missouri An Ounce of Prevention  2000, 2005, 2011 The Curators of the University of Missouri Five causes of birth defects

11. An Ounce of Prevention  2000, 2005, 2011 The Curators of the University of Missouri Genetic Maternal PKU Tay-Sachs Sickle cell Hemophilia Cystic fibrosis Genetic Maternal PKU Tay-Sachs Sickle cell Hemophilia Cystic fibrosis Multifactorial Cleft lip Cleft palate Congenital heart defect Club foot Spina bifida Omphalocele Gastroschisis Multifactorial Cleft lip Cleft palate Congenital heart defect Club foot Spina bifida Omphalocele Gastroschisis Chromosomal Down syndrome Chromosomal Down syndrome Teratogen Fetal alcohol syndrome Maternal infections: rubella, chicken pox, taxoplasmosis Diabetes in pregnancy Rh disease Teratogen Fetal alcohol syndrome Maternal infections: rubella, chicken pox, taxoplasmosis Diabetes in pregnancy Rh disease Other Causes Club foot Low birth weight Other Causes Club foot Low birth weight Five causes of birth defects

12. An Ounce of Prevention  2000, 2005, 2011 The Curators of the University of Missouri Genetic Maternal PKU Tay-Sachs Sickle cell Hemophilia Cystic fibrosis Genetic Maternal PKU Tay-Sachs Sickle cell Hemophilia Cystic fibrosis Multifactorial Cleft lip Cleft palate Congenital heart defect Club foot Spina bifida Omphalocele Gastroschisis Multifactorial Cleft lip Cleft palate Congenital heart defect Club foot Spina bifida Omphalocele Gastroschisis Chromosomal Down syndrome Chromosomal Down syndrome Teratogen Fetal alcohol syndrome Maternal infections: rubella, chicken pox, taxoplasmosis Diabetes in pregnancy Rh disease Teratogen Fetal alcohol syndrome Maternal infections: rubella, chicken pox, taxoplasmosis Diabetes in pregnancy Rh disease Other Causes Club foot Low birth weight Other Causes Club foot Low birth weight Five causes of birth defects

13. An Ounce of Prevention  2000, 2005, 2011 The Curators of the University of Missouri Three developmental periods of pregnancy 1. Preimplantation period: Period of the ovum weeks 1 and 2 (14 days) ovulation and fertilization occurs 2. Embryonic period: Period of the embryo weeks 3 to 8 (33 days) time when most major birth defects occur 3. Fetal period: Period of the fetus weeks 8 to 38 (correlates with the second and third trimesters) rapid body growth occurs Source: The Visable Embryo, http://www.visembryo.com

14. An Ounce of Prevention  2000, 2005, 2011 The Curators of the University of Missouri Periods of prenatal development OvumEmbryoFetus

15. An Ounce of Prevention  2000, 2005, 2011 The Curators of the University of Missouri Prenatal development Source: The Multi-Dimensional Human Embryo, a collaboration funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, http://embryo.soad.umich.edu http://embryo.soad.umich.edu Sample images: http://embryo.soad.umich.edu/carnStages/stage14/stage14.htmlhttp://embryo.soad.umich.edu/carnStages/stage14/stage14.html Sample animation: http://embryo.soad.umich.edu/resources/morph.htmlhttp://embryo.soad.umich.edu/resources/morph.html

16. An Ounce of Prevention  2000, 2005, 2011 The Curators of the University of Missouri Impact of birth defects Emotional Medical Financial Family Birth Defects

17. An Ounce of Prevention  2000, 2005, 2011 The Curators of the University of Missouri Improve chances for a healthy baby  Planning, preparation, prevention  Healthy behavior  Key preventive factors Folic acid taken daily Tobacco-free Alcohol- and drug-free Preconception health Family health history

18. An Ounce of Prevention  2000, 2005, 2011 The Curators of the University of Missouri Key learning activities Illustration of risks for birth defects Build a bubble Periods of development and associated risks Impact of Birth Defects graphic organizer Terminology review E-learning activity: Birth Defects Squares