1. Unit 5: States of Consciousness

2. Unit Overview  Sleep and Dreams Sleep and Dreams  Hypnosis Hypnosis  Drugs and Consciousness Drugs and Consciousness Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

3. Introduction  Consciousness Consciousness  States of consciousness  Sleep  Wake  Altered states

4. States of Consciousness

5. Sleep and Dreams

6. Biological Rhythms and Sleep Circadian Rhythm  Circadian rhythm Circadian rhythm  24 hour cycle  Temperature changes  Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)  melatonin

7. Biological Rhythms and Sleep Circadian Rhythm

8. Biological Rhythms and Sleep Sleep Stages  Stages of sleep  Awake  Alpha waves Alpha waves  Stage 1  Sleep Sleep  Hallucinations Hallucinations  Hypnagogic sensations

9. Biological Rhythms and Sleep Sleep Stages  Stages of sleep  Stage 2  Sleep spindles  Stage 3  Stage 4  Delta waves Delta waves  REM sleep REM sleep

10. Biological Rhythms and Sleep Sleep Stages

11. Biological Rhythms and Sleep REM Sleep  REM sleep vs NREM sleep REM sleep NREM sleep  Paradoxical sleep  Typical nights sleep  90 minute cycle

12. Biological Rhythms and Sleep Typical Nights Sleep

13. Why Do We Sleep?  Variations in sleeping patterns  Cultural influences  Sleep debt

14. Why Do We Sleep? The Effects of Sleep Loss

16.  US Navy and NIH studies  Age and sleep loss  Chronic sleep loss  Spring and fall time changes

17. Why Do We Sleep? The Effects of Sleep Loss

18. Why Do We Sleep? Sleep Theories  Sleep theories  Sleep protects  Sleep helps recuperation  Memory storage  Sleep and creative thinking  Sleep and growth

19. Sleep Disorders  Sleep disorders  Insomnia Insomnia  Narcolepsy Narcolepsy  Sleep apnea Sleep apnea  Night terrors Night terrors  Sleepwalking/ sleeptalking

20. Dreams What We Dream  Dreams Dreams  Manifest content Manifest content  Latent content Latent content

21. Dreams Why We Dream  To satisfy our own wishes  To file away memories  To develop/preserve neural pathways  To make sense of neural static  To reflect cognitive development  REM rebound REM rebound

22. A Lifetime of Sleep

23. Critical Considerations: Does not address the neuroscience of dreams.

24. Hypnosis

25. Introduction  Hypnosis Hypnosis  Hypnotic induction  Hypnosis as an altered state?

26. Facts and Falsehoods  Can Anyone Experience Hypnosis?  Postural sway  Susceptibility  Can Hypnosis Enhance Recall of Forgotten Events?  Age regression

27. Facts and Falsehoods  Can Hypnosis Force People to Act Against Their Will?  Can Hypnosis Be Therapeutic?  Hypnotherapists  Posthypnotic suggestion Posthypnotic suggestion  Can Hypnosis Alleviate Pain?

28. Explaining the Hypnotic State Hypnosis as a Social Phenomenon  “Good hypnotic subjects”  Social influence theory

29. Explaining the Hypnotic State Hypnosis as Divided Consciousness  Hilgard  Dissociation Dissociation  Unified account of hypnosis

30. Levels of Analysis for Hypnosis

31. Drugs and Consciousness

32. Introduction  Psychoactive drugs Psychoactive drugs

33. Dependence and Addiction  Tolerance Tolerance  Withdrawal Withdrawal  Dependence  Physical dependence Physical dependence  Psychological dependence Psychological dependence

34. Dependence and Addiction Misconceptions About Addiction  Addiction Addiction  Myths  Addictive drugs quickly corrupt  Addictions cannot be overcome voluntarily without therapy  The concept of addiction applies to all pleasure-seeking behaviors

35. Psychoactive Drugs  Three types of psychoactive drugs  Depressants Depressants  Stimulants Stimulants  Hallucinogens Hallucinogens

36. Psychoactive Drugs Depressants  Depressants Depressants  Alcohol  Barbiturates (tranquilizers) Barbiturates  Opiates Opiates

37. Psychoactive Drugs Depressants - Alcohol  Disinhibition  Slowed neural processing  Memory disruption  Reduced self-awareness and self- control  Expectancy effects  Alcohol + Sex = The Perfect Storm

38. Psychoactive Drugs Depressants – Barbiturates and Opiates  Barbiturate (tranquilizers) Barbiturate  Opiates Opiates  Endorphins

39. Psychoactive Drugs Stimulants  Introduction  Stimulants Stimulants  Amphetamines Amphetamines  Methamphetamine (speed)  Crystal meth  Caffeine

40. Psychoactive Drugs Stimulants  Nicotine  Cocaine  Crack  Ecstasy Ecstasy  MDMA

41. Psychoactive Drugs Stimulants - Nicotine

42. Psychoactive Drugs Stimulants - Cocaine

44. Psychoactive Drugs Hallucinogens  Hallucinogens (psychedelics) Hallucinogens  LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) LSD  Acid  Near-death experience Near-death experience  Marijuana  THC THC

45. Influences of Drug Use  Biological Influences  Psychological and Social- Cultural Influences

46. Psychoactive Drugs

47. Levels of Analysis for Drug Use

48. The End