1. Cage and contemporaries... Indeterminacy Aleatoric (comes from alea, Latin for dice) Chance music

2. The New Virtuosity of the Modern Age Postwar Era

3. Techniques... Pianists  Col pugno (with the fist)  Pluck strings of the inside of a piano Violinists  Tap, stroke or slap the instrument Vocalists  Whisper, shout, hiss, etc. Instrumentalist  Creative techniques to produce different sounds

4. Olivier Messiaen (1908-1992) “mystic and visionary” Studied in Paris Feels that art is the ideal expression of religious faith Love of nature (hear bird calls in his music) Was drawn to older music (Gregorian) Wrote organ, piano, vocal, orchestral music

5. Prisoner years Wrote Quartet for the End of Time p. 632-633

6. Pierre Boulez (France) b. 1925 “I think that music should be magic and collective hysteria” Most important modern French composer Studied under Messiaen Fell under the spell of Debussy, then Stravinsky... then Webern Serial composer “gentle lyricism” to “furious Expressionism”

7. Boulez The Hammer Without a Master A suite of 9 movements based on poems (by Rene Char) Scored for alto voice and 6 instruments  Alto flute, guitar and viola (prominent)  Also percussion instruments Doesn’t try to make the words clear Nos. 1, 3, 7 (p. 637-638)

8. George Crumb (b. 1929) Received the 1968 Pulitzer Prize in Music Musical America “Composer of the Year” 2004 6 honorary degrees Grammy for Best Contemporary Composition 2001 Emotional music within contemporary framework

9. Crumb’s Ancient Voices of Children 1970 Song cycle (5 songs and 2 instrumental interludes) Poems by Federico Garcia Lorca Set for soprano, boy soprano, oboe, mandolin, harp, electric piano and percussion Description of techniques, top of p. 641

10. 4’33” p. 645